266 BACTERIA. 



when it is grown in a fluid medium. It exhibits no movement. 

 With pure cultivations, obtained in this way, and propagated 

 for several generations outside the body, Loffler and Schiitz 

 succeeded by careful inoculation in producing typical glanders 

 in various animals, the artificially infected animals pre- 

 senting on examination exactly the same appearances as the 

 animals that had been naturally infected, and from the nodules 

 artificially produced the typical glanders bacillus could again 

 be cultivated and passed on to other animals, where they, in 

 turn, gave rise to the usual symptoms of the disease. 



In making these experiments they came across a most 

 interesting point. In an old horse which they inoculated, and 

 that was apparently quite healthy at the time of the opera- 

 tion, they observed that the disease remained perfectly 

 localized, and that the ulcers very early evinced a marked 

 tendency to heal. The animal, however, was killed, and on 

 making a post-mortem examination it was found that it had 

 already, in all probability, been affected with glanders, and that 

 this had been running its course for some considerable length 

 of time, as not only were there old scars on the septum 

 nasi, but there were old caseous masses scattered through 

 the lungs. We have here an exactly analogous condition 

 to that recently observed by Koch in the case of guinea- 

 pigs already affected with tuberculosis, on which he made the 

 observations that led him to the discovery of his protecting 

 fluid ; this animal had been "protected" against the general 

 outbreak of glanders which usually results from an artificial 

 inoculation by a previous chronic attack of the disease. 



In order to illustrate the method of procedure in such cases, we may give 

 a short resume of one of Loffler and Schiitz' series of experiments. Two 

 horses were inoculated one twenty years old from the eighth cultivation, 

 and the other two years old from the fifth serum cultivation that had 

 originally been taken from a [guinea-pig which had in turn been inoculated 

 from a fourth generation (also grown on serum), originally taken from 

 another animal. Both these horses were inoculated on each side of the 

 neck and on the breast ; and the younger animal was also inoculated in the 

 posterior nares. This was purposely omitted in the older animal, in order 

 to see whether the ulcers would occur in the nasal mucous membrane if it 

 were left intact, as far as direct inoculation was concerned. At the end 

 of a few days both horses had been attacked ; they ate badly ; diffuse boggy 

 swellings made their appearance at the points of inoculation; they were stiff 

 in the joints, the hair was ruffled, and on the eighth day farcy pipes corres- 

 ponding in their distribution to the course of the lymphatic vessels and glands 

 of the affected area could be distinctly felt under the skin. At this time 



