GRADATION OF STRUCTURE AMONG ANIMALS. 



37 



plication of their structure, all the classes of the animal 

 kingdom represent only successive degrees; and he was so 

 thoroughly convinced that classes constitute one graduated 

 series, that in his systematic arrangement he actually 

 calls the classes " degrees of organization." De Blainville, 1 

 in the main, followed in the steps of Lamarck, though he 

 does not admit quite so simple a series ; for he considers 

 the Mollusks and Articulates as two diverging branches, 

 ascending from the Eadiata, to converge again and unite 

 in the Vertebrata. But now, since it is known how the 

 great branches of the animal kingdom may be circum- 

 scribed, 2 notwithstanding a few doubtful points ; since it 



fig. 2d edit.; Grundsatze der vergiei- 

 chenden Anatomic, Dresden, 1828, 

 8vo. ; Engl. by R. J. GORE, Bath, 

 1827, 2 vols. 8vo., Atlas. CABUS (C. 

 G.) and OTTO (A. W.), Erlauterungs- 

 tafeln zur vergleichenden Anatomic; 

 Leipzic, 1826-40, fol. WAGNER (R.), 

 Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anato- 

 mic ; Leipzic, 1834-35, 2 vols. 8vo.; 

 Engl. by A. TULK, London, 1844, 1 

 vol. 8vo.; 2nd edit., Lehrbuch der 

 Zootomie, Leipzic, 1843-44,1 vol. 8vo., 

 2nd vol. by FREY and LETICKART ; 

 Icoues anatomicee, Leipzig, 1841, fol. 

 GRANT (R. E.), Outlines of Com- 

 parative Anatomy; London, 1835, 1 

 vol. fol. JONES (RYMER), A General 

 Outline of the Animal Kingdom ; 

 London, 1838-39, 1 vol. 8vo. fig.; 2nd 

 edit., 1854. TODD (R. B.), Cyclopae- 

 dia of Anatomy and Physiology; Lon- 

 don, 1835-52, 4 vols. 8vo. fig. AGAS- 

 siz (L.) and GOULD (A. A.), Princi- 

 ples of Zoology; Boston, 1 vol. 8vo., 

 2nd edit. 1851. OWEN (R.), Lectures 

 on the Invertebrate Animals; Lon- 

 don, 1843, 1 vol. fig.; 2nd edit. 1855. 

 Lectures on the Comparative Ana- 

 tomy of the Vertebrate Animals, 

 Fishes; London, 1846, 1 vol. 8vo. fig. 

 SIEBOLD (C. TH. v.) und STANNIUS 

 (HERM.), Lehrbuch der vergleichen- 

 den Anatomic; Berlin, 1845-46, 2 vols. 

 8vo.; 2nd edit., 1855; Engl. Trans. 



1 BLAINVILLE (H. D. DE), De 1'Or- 

 ganization des Animaux; Paris, 1822, 

 1 vol. 8vo. 



2 Besides the works reviewed in 

 Chapter III, consult: BLUMENBACH 

 (J. FR.), Handbuch der vergleichen- 

 den Anatomic ; Gottingeu, 1824, 1 

 vol. 8vo. ; Engl., by W. LAWRENCE, 

 London, 1827, 1 vol. 8vo. CUVIER, 

 (G.), Legons d' Anatomic comparee, 

 rec. et publ. par MM. Dumeril et 

 Duvernoy ; Paris, 1800-1805, 5 vols. 

 8vo.; 2de edit., rev. par MM. F. G. 

 CUVIER et LAURILLARD, Paris, 1836- 

 39, 10 vols. 8vo. CUVIER (G.), Le 

 Regne animal distribue d'apres son 

 organisation; Paris, 1817,4 vols. 8vo.; 

 2nd 6dit., 1829-30, 5 vols. 8vo. ; 3e 

 edit, illustree 1836 et suiv. ; Engl. 

 Trans, by GRIFFITH, London, 1824, 

 9 vols. 8vo. MECKEL ( J. F.), System 

 der vergleichenden Anatomic ; Halle, 

 1821-31, 6 vols. 8vo.; French Transl., 

 Paris, 1829-38, 10 vols. 8vo TREVI- 

 KANUS (G. R.), Biologic, oder Philo- 

 sophic der lebenden Natur; Gottin- 

 gen, 1802 16, 6 vols. 8vo. Die Er- 

 scheinungen und Gesetze des organis- 

 chen Lebens ; Bremen, 1831-37, 5 

 vols. 8vo. DELLE CHIAJE, Istituzi- 

 oni d'Anatomia e Fisiologia compa- 

 rata; Napoli, 1832, 8vo. CARUS (C. 

 G.), Lehrbuch der vergleichenden 

 Anatomic; Leipzic, 1834, 2 vols. 4to., 



