96 ESSAY ON CLASSIFICATION. 



pose under the very influence of all those agents which 

 have been subservient to the maintenance of their life, as 

 soon as life ceases, if life is limited or determined by 

 them 1 



There exist between individuals of the same species 

 relations far more complicated than those already alluded 

 to, which go still further to disprove any possibility of 

 causal dependence of organized beings upon physical 

 agents. The relations upon which the maintenance of 

 species is based, throughout the animal kingdom, in the 

 universal antagonism of sex, and the infinite diversity of 

 these connexions in different types, have really nothing 

 to do with external conditions of existence ; they indicate 

 only relations of individuals to individuals, beyond their 

 connexions with the material world in which they live. 

 How, then, could these relations be the result of physical 

 causes, when physical agents are known to have a specific 

 sphere of action, in no way bearing upon this sphere of 

 phenomena ? 



For the most part, the relations of individuals to in- 

 dividuals are unquestionably of an organic nature, and, as 

 such, have to be viewed in the same light as any other 

 structural feature ; but there is much also in these con- 

 nexions that partakes of a psychological character, taking 

 this expression in the widest sense of the word. 



When animals fight with one another, when they asso- 

 ciate for a common purpose, when they warn one another 

 in danger, when they come to the rescue of one another, 

 when they display pain or joy, they manifest impulses of 

 the same kind as are considered among the moral attri- 

 butes of man. The range of their passions is even as ex- 

 tensive as that of the human mind, and I am at a loss to 

 perceive a difference of kind between them, however 



