PHYSIOPHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEMS. 339 



of Animals are determined by their anatomical systems, 

 such as the body and head; or the intestines, and the 

 flesh and senses. Hence two grades in the animal king- 

 dom. Animals are, as it were, the dismembered body of 

 man made alive. The classes of animals are the special 

 representation in living forms of the anatomical systems 

 of the highest beino- in creation. 



O o 



Man is considered, in this system, not only as the key 

 of the whole animal kingdom, but also as the standard 

 measure of the organization of animals. There exists 

 nothing in the animal kingdom which is not represented 

 in higher combinations in Man. The existence of several 

 distinct plans of structure among animals is virtually 

 denied. They are all built after the pattern of Man ; the 

 differences among them consist only in their exhibiting 

 either one system only or a larger or smaller number of 

 systems of organs of higher or lower physiological import- 

 ance, developed either singly or in connexion with one 

 another, in their body. The principles of classification of 

 both Cuvier and Ehrenberg are here entirely negatived. 

 The principle of Cuvier, who admits four different plans 

 of structure in the animal kingdom, is, indeed, incompati- 

 ble with the idea that all animals represent only the 

 organs of Man. The principle of Ehrenberg, who con- 

 siders all animals as equally perfect, is as completely 

 irreconcileable with the assumption that all animals repre- 

 sent an unequal sum. of organs ; for, according to Oken, 

 the body of animals is, as it were, the analyzed body of 

 Man, the organs of which live singly, or in various com- 

 binations as independent animals. Each such combina- 

 tion constitutes a distinct class. The principle upon which 

 the orders are founded has already been explained above. 

 (Chap. II, Sect, iii, p. 235.) 



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