98 



ESSAY ON CLASSIFICATION. 



exists, and whether it be called soul, reason, or instinct, it 

 presents, in the whole range of organized beings, a series 



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 It is strange that these clear and 

 precise distinctions should have been 

 so entirely forgotten in the days of 

 Linnteus that the great reformer in 

 Natural History had to confess, in 

 the year 1746, that he knew no cha- 

 racter by which to distinguish man 

 from the monkeys. Fauna Suecica 

 (Prefat., p. 2), " Nullum characte- 

 rem adhuc eruere potui, uncle homo 

 a simia internoscatur." But, it is 

 not upon structural similarity or dif- 

 ference alone that the relations be- 

 tween man and animals have to be 

 considered. The psychological his- 

 tory of animals shows that, as man 

 is related to animals by the plan of 

 his structure, so are these related to 

 him by the character of those very 

 faculties, which are so transcendent 

 in man as to point at first to the 

 necessity of disclaiming for him com- 

 pletely any relationship with the 

 animal kingdom. Yet the natural 

 history of animals is by no means 

 completed after the somatic side of 

 their nature has been thoroughly 

 investigated ; for they too have a 

 psychological individuality, which, 

 though less fully studied, is never- 

 theless the connecting link between 

 them and man. I cannot, therefore, 

 agree with those authors who would 

 disconnect mankind from the animal 

 kingdom, and establish a distinct 

 kingdom for man alone, as Ehren- 

 berg (Das Naturreich des Menschen; 

 Berlin, 1835, fol.), and lately, I. Geof- 

 froy St. Hilaire (Hist. nat. generale, 

 Paris, 1856, tome i, Part 2, p. 167), 

 has done. Compare also Chap. II, 

 where it is shown for every kind of 

 group of the animal kingdom that 

 the amount of their difference one 



from the other never affords a suffi- 

 cient ground for removing any of 

 them into another category. A close 

 study of the dog might satisfy every 

 one of the similarity of his impulses 

 with those of man ; and these im- 

 pulses are regulated in a manner 

 which discloses psychical faculties in 

 every respect of the same kind as 

 those of man : moreover he expresses 

 by his voice his emotions and his 

 feelings with a precision which may 

 be as intelligible to man as the arti- 

 culated speech of his fellow men. 

 His memory is so retentive that it 

 frequently baffles that of man. And 

 though all these faculties do not 

 make a philosopher of him, they cer- 

 tainly place him, in that respect, 

 upon a level with a considerable pro- 

 portion of poor humanity. The in- 

 telligibility of the voice of animals 

 to one another, and all their actions 

 connected with such calls, are also a 

 strong argument of their perceptive 

 power, and of their ability to act 

 spontaneously and with logical se- 

 quence in accordance with these per- 

 ceptions. There is a vast field open 

 for investigation in the relations be- 

 tween the voice and the actions of 

 animals, and a still more interesting 

 subject of inquiry in the relationship 

 between the cycle of intonations 

 which different species of animals of 

 the same family are capable of utter- 

 ing, which, as far as I have as yet 

 been able to trace them, stand to one 

 another in the same relations as the 

 different, so-called, families of lan- 

 guages. SCHLEGEL (FR.), Ueber die 

 Sprache und Weisheit der Indier; 

 Heidelberg, 1808, 1 vol. 8vo. HUM- 

 BOLDT (W. v.), Ueber die Kawi- 

 Sprache, auf der Insel Java ; Berlin, 

 1836-39, 3 vols. 4to., Ahh. Ak. d. 

 Wissensch. STEINTHAL (H.), Gram- 

 rnatik, Logik und Psychologic ; Ber- 

 lin, 1855, 1 vol. 8vo., in the human 

 family. All the Canina bark ; the 



