EFFECTS OF LOWER ALCOHOLS ON PARAMECIUM. 263 



ternal changes, formation of " blisters " by elevation of cuticle, 

 rupture of ectoplasm, and death. 



3. The anterior end of Paramecium is more susceptible to 

 alcohol than the posterior end, and the aboral side more than the 

 oral. 



4. Indirect daylight has no perceptible effect on normal or 

 alcoholized paramecia, but direct sunlight inactivates them ; this 

 effect is augmented in the presence of alcohol. 



5. Change in temperature over a wide range has no appreci- 

 able effect on the susceptibility of paramecia to alcohol. 



6. Aeration and agitation of a Paramecium culture renders 

 the paramecia much less susceptible to alcohol. 



7. Paramecia in a given solution without food live longer 

 with alcohol than without ; starving cultures can even be restored 

 to prosperity by the addition of suitable amounts of any alcohol. 



8. Exposure of paramecia to weak ethyl alcohol increases 

 their susceptibility to a stronger dose of ethyl alcohol, and to 

 five other alcohols. 



REFERENCES. 

 Bills, Charles E. 



'233 The Reactions of Paramecium to the Lower Alcohols. Master's Es- 

 say in Library, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. 56 pp. 

 Bills, Charles E. 



'asb A Pharmacological Comparison of Six Alcohols, Singly and in Ad- 

 mixture, on Paramecium. Jour. Pharm. and Exp. Therap., Vol. 22, 



P- 49- 

 Calkins, G. N., and Lieb, C. C. 



'02 Studies on the Life-History of Protozoa. Arch. f. Protistenk., Bd. i, 



s. 355- 

 Child, C. M. 



'14 The Axial Gradient in Ciliate Infusoria. BIOL. BULL., Vol. 26, p. 36. 

 Daniel, J. Frank. 



'08 The Adjustment of Paramecium to Distilled Water and its Bearing on 

 the Problem of the Necessary Inorganic Salt Content. Am. Jour. 

 Physiol., Vol. 23, p. 48. 

 Daniel, J. Frank. 

 '09 Adaptation and Immunity of Lower Organisms to Ethyl Alcohol. Jour. 



Exp. Zool., Vol. 6, p. 571. 

 Estabrook, A. H. 



'10 The Effects of Chemicals on Growth in Paramecium. Jour. Exp. Zool., 



Vol. 8, p. 489. 

 Hargitt, Geo. T., and Fray, Walter W. 



'17 The Growth of Paramecium in Pure Cultures of Bacteria. Jour. Exp. 

 Zool., Vol. 22, p. 421. 



