358 INEZ WHIFFLE WILDER AND ELIZABETH BARRETT PEABODY. 



not have appeared in so immature an individual and thus one 

 cannot be sure that later the cloaca might not have shown male as 

 well as female structures. 



Crew ('21 ) in his summary of the recorded cases of abnor- 

 mality of the reproductive system, says that of the 30 frogs of 

 which sufficient details were given as to their secondary sexual 

 characters. 25 (83.3 per cent.) were definitely and typically males; 

 4 others were definitely but imperfectly male (13.3 per cent.) ; and 

 in the remaining case, a Rana temporaria described by Huxley 

 ('20), the secondary sexual characters were female (3.3 per 

 cent.). He says: "The abnormalities which have been recorded 

 can be so tabulated that the first case most nearly approximates to 

 the normal female and the last the typical male, with respect to 

 the nature of both primary and secondary sexual characters. Thus 

 arranged it is seen that the cases furnish an almost complete series 

 of gradations which range from an individual almost completely 

 female, to one almost completely male, and that the conditions 

 found readily appear to be merely graded stages of a single 

 process." 



All of our other hermaphroditic examples of Eurycca were in 

 too early a stage of development for secondary sexual characters 

 to have appeared. However, so far as the condition of the gonads 

 alone was concerned the same sort of graded series was found as 

 that described by Crew in the frogs. 



More thorough microscopic examination of gonads might, by 

 disclosing occasional ova among the lobules of an otherwise normal 

 testis or a few testicular elements concealed by the large ova of an 

 ovary, yield a more complete seriation. At least the conditions 

 shown by Eurycea indicate that in this species the hermaphroditic 

 condition cannot be interpreted as always a modification of the 

 same sex. 



Metamorphic Stage. 



In the more advanced developmental stages, as in the case of the 

 adults, the sexing of the specimens consisted in distinguishing 

 between a large unpigmented ovary full of bulging ova and a more 

 slender, heavily pigmented testis with, of course, attention directed 

 toward the detection of any combination of the two, which would 

 mean an hermaphroditic condition. Fig. 5 B shows the hermaph- 



