Trilinnc JL'jctras Lecture anil Letter Series. 



lie mistook not Not certainly what ho stated in the 

 latter part "f his ivmaiks. In what he had presented as 

 more or Irs.- g nrrally i-.-r -Ivi-i! ho would pause with 

 Graf. He owed to <; -rge the \i -w th.it tin- id--as of the 

 later iirrimi wrr.- pro] -i-tni into tin- 1'nrun r part <>t Jew- 

 ish hi.story. iieuuuid mention Delib-oh as a conserva- 

 tive, differing from HIM.,:- \n-ws, but eone.-iinig tin- fact 

 that tin- IViitatein h \\as written by M.I.-I-S while lie 

 asserted chat there wa> a .Mosaic koruol and a Mo-aic 

 spirit. 



Dr. Hopkins of Cambridge, who liy the way is a sourd 

 J. -i-njiali in. h.id listmril in I'I-K''. Adlrr with a good 

 deal Hi .satisfaction, lie thought tin- discussion entirely 

 i>i"i"T. Aaaliterarj society, 11 wa- interesting and in- 

 structive in have vn-ws of different schools of thought 

 brought lirfore tlieni. Hi- iiill'i-n-il from 1'rof. Adh-r in a 

 (rood decree, imt was uo;i.- ih le-.s gratified at his clear 

 and learned expn.-ilnfli of .1 \ iew which is taken by an 

 Important school of 4 modern learning, still bethought 

 some of Prof. Adieus conclusions rather liastv and per- 

 hapsraab. He- Mi^^.-.-ii d that conjectural emendations 

 of author-, wlirthn .s.ieivd nr profa in-, was at the pp-.-- 

 ei:tda\ in, i of me gi cat sources of dissatisfaction and 

 error. 



IIKAKT, L1VKK, AND LUNGS, KTYMOLOGICALLY CON- 

 MI >i:i:i:i). 



Thellon.J. II. Trumbuil readan intereMingand original 

 paper on " Tin- Names for the Heart, Liver and Lungs." 

 Tin- drill of the paper, which exhibiicd great ingenuity 

 a- \\ell a- i \t:'ii-ive rr.>riin-h, was to show the pruuarj- 

 and secomlarv i leas which are associated with the iiiiucs 

 for the siipermr viscera imt only in the North American 

 Indian languages, but in the European and Asiatic lan- 

 guages. 'J'he Chippewa OJHIH. Illinois A/Jiini, denote 

 the lungs of a man ; and C'hippcwa Abuitiui, literally 

 "lung max" one who is aslavo or servant. To say that 

 a man \\ as " all IUIIKS" was to call liim an inl'erior beim:. 

 Tlie exprc-.-iiin "ill- is Inn^y," means be is a dolt, he 

 bus no wit. It is so in the Sioux; ('/mi/it, lung's. ('Jnn/ 

 huka a fool. In Arrapahoe, Kuna, luuya; Kunanit, 

 cowardly. 



Take the \vnrd " pluck" in Enjrlish. It has tbe double 

 meaning nf that which is plm-Kcd or pulled altogether 

 from tbe OUtaide of a sl:ui^ r litered animal: it is thru 

 used lur c..iir;,^,-, ,.p.nt, ener^'v, as to plurk up heart or 

 spirit, llrart in tin- ancient E^yjt lan is a word deimt- 

 iliK menta: .-tatns and activities; su in the Hebrew .ind 

 lu the Ciiine-i; n. ntal eonM n ul ion ; al>o desiro and 

 aupeiiie. of Hi- Inter the liver seems to liavo been 

 regarded aa Hie j. rnliar seat. Tlio character for the 

 hear l. sin, r ntcrs intu i he eom pi is] i ion of a great n umber 

 of words. He luiim! i.fj; I.e^inuing with the radical 

 fin. In the Indn-Km npi an lamilv we have ever> where 

 the rcfeience of lin- nmral characler, the will and emo- 

 tions to Hi-' In-art. n\ tin- orientals the liver was re- 

 garded a- ti:>- seat nf the pas.-.mns and the animal nature 

 nt num. Borne Chinese writers make the lungs the seat 



Of riKbtCOUSUCSS ai.d tlie ll\ i-r the .seat ol' belie voleiice ; 



mere vigor and courage .-eeiim to 'lave beeu assigned to 

 the Kail. 



The derivation of the French, Sp.mi-h, I'lirtu^iieso, 

 and Italian names of the liver (folo, Idiradn, I'uadn. 

 11 i:a!i i,) are from the liga with u liich t In K .mans u.-ed to 

 sti w the hveis of geese. " It inii.-ht pass," said ihe doc- 

 tor, " fur an et\ ninlogical ji-ko if it were not a fact." 



Ill (Jhine-e. " his lun-s uiid liver" expressed his in- 

 Iiinst tiiouglils. In many languages lung> are named fur 

 their light miss. The old nal urali-ts held that ihe Nnialler 

 the luugs in proportion to the, body the greater the 



swiftness of the animal. ITenco Inrse Innsr* lie^nn to 



be a--.iej ated with dullness, -lii_'^ishi|,-s-. Tin- imtion 

 I contempt attached to the luiiirs eoim-s f i oin this 

 mitiiiiiof lightii.--s, lacking we.igiit, tln-n I'ri.m the no- 

 tion thai the larger l!ie lungs th" slower I ae animal; 

 and ainoiii; the American Indian.-, from the fa--t thai tlm 

 lunirs were the last ;>.irt and t lie lea -t wnrtlr.- p irr, wnich 

 \\asgivi u a\vav when an animal was divided at a feast. 

 Tne least impnrlant gilesf received the liin^s. 



1'aji rs \vere also read by IVof. \Vhit.nev on the Anus- 

 i-iini ; by I'rnf. S iiiUbury. an el-_'iiit I r ui-l.it ion from 

 the (i, rmaii of Schuaase on .Midi i u ned in art in its 

 re la( inns to the ideas of Islam; and by the U -v. .Mr. Jenks 

 ou tl.e Identity uf the llebie\, Sha-blai and tli.- gvp- 

 tlan Suti. The .Socletv, uMer passing a vote uf thanks 

 to the American Academy fur tne uo of its rooms, 

 adjourued to meet iu Wew-JTork on tle-yithof October. 



SAEKTY AT SKA. 



IRON VESSELS THAT WILL NOT SINK. 

 PRIXCIPLKS OK r<>Nsn:r<TK>\ ui mi: OCEAN 



STKAMKUS MKTJ10D AI M il'fl.l) IN NAVAL VKS- 

 SELS AND Till! (IIIKAT KA> H.KN HIK (.1 I.I.I I_\U 

 OR DOriH.K SKIN .sV>lK.M. 



Iron sliijilmildinfr was made possible by 



Corf, who in 1784, or thereabouts, introduced his dis- 

 covery for the manufacture of plates and bars? of iron 

 by the use of roils. Iu the pruce-s of growth of a new 

 science of construction some errors, some misconcep- 

 tions arc inevitable. Wile ii iron was lirst used lu ship- 

 building, the attempt was made to follow in the metallic 

 construction the plan so long adhere I I n with wooden 

 ships. Iu them, ribs of wood are set up attached to the 

 keel at the bottom, and bold together at the top by the 

 transverse ueck heann. Oa this plan the earlier iron 

 ships were, and now are, to a certain extent, con- 

 structed. 



MODE OF CONSTRUCTION. 



Iron ribs took the place of the wooden ones, and the 

 ehcathingof planks, caulked and covered with copper, 

 was replaced by plates of iron ruited to the ribs. As 

 tbe experience of the .shipbuilders ii.cre ised and aa 

 science was furnished with the data of previous < -xperi- 

 nients, the tran.-\er-e const ruction, or that which more 

 closely imitated the old wooden ships, was lound to be 

 less efficient than that known as die loniriln linal sys- 

 tem. Tin.-, latter consiste I in running along the inside 

 of the ship, parallel with t m- kelson, strong side kelsons, 

 placed a lew leet apart, and meet ing or running into 

 one another at the bow or stern, as the ship's Hues be- 

 come line at cither end. 



The kelson, it will be understood, Is almost like the koel, 

 the difference being that It is pi. iced m-ide of the ship 

 insii ad of outside. It runs direcily over the keel and is 

 bolted to it. Side kelsons are similar, running parallel 

 wi; h the main kelson. To siren:,; lien I lie-e loniritmtlnal 

 beams, angle Iron was worked irai^veisi-if nvcrtnem, 

 forming a system of ribs which added to the sircnglh, 

 while requiring le.ss iron thau was formerly used iu tbe 

 transver.se syMem. 



Looking downward Into the bottom of a vessel thus 



coiir-tructi d, \\ e should see that it was divided into a 

 series of M|iiaro compartments. Over these were placed 

 plates which, parallel to the skin or outer covering of 



I he ship, formed a .-eeoml skill, one ship built Inside of 

 the ot her, as It ueie. '1'nus b.\- con le'critig every slxlhor 



tr.in.-\ ersc rili with the bottom, tbe whole of tuo 



