53 Tribune Extraa- 



bryonic condition as in batraehians. In turtles, tho 

 embryonic condition points higher than themselves. 

 "Winged reptiles were a prophetic type ; tbey antici- 

 pated birds. Embryo birds point backward to the 

 pterodactyl and to the plesdosaoma. 



There are thoso who assume that the earliest ani- 

 mals must have been simple in structure, but each 

 type starts with higher species than most of thoso 

 that follow. Selachians and ganoids, which are the 

 earliest fishes found, are infinitely superior iu com- 

 plication of structure to any that come after them 

 in geologic time. Yet there are men who call them- 

 selves naturalists, who, iu face of the facts which 

 Lave beeu known for -0 years, say that the amplii- 

 oxus was the first-born of vertebrates, and resem- 

 bles the ascidiaus. It is not only false but it is a 

 lie. No bony fishes have ever been found in any of 

 the older rocks. 



Take another case: The earliest embryonic fea- 

 tures do not necessarily resemble the oldest forms. 

 If it were so we should expect to find chimeroid 

 li-hes in the earliest formation, which is not the 

 case, as the Chimene are not found below the 

 Jurassic. Sharks aud skates, which are higher in 

 structural features, are found even as early as the 

 Silurian period. Selachians stand very high in the 

 class of fishes, and they are the earliest of the globe. 

 Their eggs are few and large ; the embryo is large, 

 and they have gestation iu the sense that mammals 

 have. Yet gestation is not found in the reptiles, 

 which come later, nor even in tho birds. Wo have to 

 make a leap to the mammalia to find anything 

 similar. This means that these fish have the highest 

 structural features of the highest vertebrates. They 

 indicated what was coming. That the lowest animal 

 appeared first is a fallacy, and all talk to the con- 

 trary is revolting dishonesty. In order to classify 

 animals we should be familiar with the facts of 

 geology ; should know tho order of succession of 

 animals in time. 



RADIATES. 



A radiate is a spheroidal body with a vertical axis, 

 the poh-s of which have unequal value, and the 

 Segments of which have unequal value along their 

 vertical lino. Radiates do not radiate in all direc- 

 tions as tho books say. All their parts stand in 

 equal relation to a vertical axis having unequal 

 polos. Tho vertical axis may be so extremely 

 lengthened or sh >n. uedasto make radiates of very 

 dill'erent ai>p -anince. But they represent tho same, 

 plan. A knowledge of plan is an essential aid to 

 the thorough st inly of any animals. 



Eleven systems of nomenclature are used to de- 

 icribe radiates when one system should and 

 would do as well. This is the bight of absurdity. 

 The radiates constitute one primary division of tho 

 uitnal kingdom. Radiation and radiation alouo 



-Pamphlet Seriet. 



holds together aa an organic unit polyps (corals), 

 acalfphs (jelly fishes), aud echinoderms (star fishes) ; 

 and when Liiekart proposed to separate polyps and 

 acalephs from echiuoderms and make an independent 

 sub-kingdom of them under the name Cooleuterata 

 he carried science backward. Change is not always 

 progress. Huxley. Ilaecklo, Liiekart, and a ma- 

 jority of German naturalists are wrong in tbcir 

 tendencies. They loso sight of plan in complication 

 of structure. They mistake the mode of execution 

 of a plan for tho plan itself. Radiates which are 

 simple are just as much radiates as those which are 

 complicated. 



Echiuoderms, acalephs, and polyps present three 

 modes of execution of one plan of radiation. In 

 polyps the radiating partitions or septa are thin and 

 blood-like, generally numerous, never fewer than 

 six, and sometimes there are hundreds. In acalephs 

 the divisions between the cavities are very thick, 

 and the cavities themselves are reduced to mere 

 thin tubes communicating with the central cavity. 

 In echinoderms tho cavities are entirely separated 

 and the septa meet. 



Radiates may be long, cylindrical, and wormlike, 

 as in tho holothurians, or they may bo mere fiat 

 disks, as the flat sea-urchin and souio jelly-fishes. 

 Their details may bo very different. Tho shape does 

 not determine the class. Those features of animals 

 which constitute analogies are general resemblance, 

 uotba~ed on identity of structure. Homologies are 

 resemblances based on identity of structure. Re- 

 semblances based on similar combinations, on gen- 

 eral external appearance, are often mistaken for 

 resemblance based on identity of structure. That 

 is, analogies are mistaken for homologies, as in the 

 case with whales and fishes- Analogically, whales 

 are referred to the fishes, but homologically they 

 belong to tho mammals. 



There is a certain amount of bilateral symmetry 

 in all those radiates. Thcro is one, and onlj T one, 

 vertical plan on either side of which the parts are 

 symmetrically arranged. The natural attitude of an 

 animal and the normal position may bo quite differ- 

 ent. The normal position is the position in which 

 wo must place an animal in order to compare it with 

 tho order of its class. Aealephs naturally have tho 

 mouth downward. Actinko naturally have tho mouth 

 upward. Holothurians lie upon the side. These 

 are tho natural attitudes, but for comparison we 

 must place their axes all in one direction, place them 

 in tho direction natural to tho majority ; that is 

 with the mouth upward. 



RADIATKS IN PAL.EOXTOLOGY. 



Cuvior and Lamarck were the founders of the 

 science of palffiontology. Cnvier gave tho science 

 its present form. Ho studied tho fossil vertebrates 

 aud Lamarck *\ovoted himself tj tho invertebrate 



