APPENDIX 165 



lines and the raw materials linked together by special 

 transportation facilities. 



The Steel and Coal Industries 



In addition to soft coal, which Russia is seeking to 

 conserve for the steel industry, the largest anthracite 

 deposits in Europe are located in European Russia. 

 The production of anthracite has been comparatively 

 small. During the year ending July, 1914, the output 

 was only about five million tons, although there was a 

 shortage of fuel at Moscow, but 650 miles distant. 

 The production of these coal fields has been by one- 

 shaft mines, by small companies. There is no resident 

 mining population, the work being done almost entirely 

 by farmers coming to the mines at the season of the 

 year when they are not employed upon their farms. 

 As a result the cost of producing anthracite is about 

 twice what it is in this country. The government has 

 recently adopted the policy of conserving soft coal for 

 the steel industries, and to that end has made regu- 

 lations requiring the use of anthracite for all industrial 

 boilers and railroads, after a certain date. This will 

 greatly stimulate the use of anthracite and necessitate 

 the placing of the mining upon a more comprehensive 

 and economical basis. 



The foregoing are simply isolated illustrations of the 

 needs for capital in Russia. There are other impor- 

 tant ones, such as hydro-electric development, muni- 

 cipal and interurban transportation, harbour works, 

 canals and ship-building, and possibly still more im- 



