RELATIONS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 561 



the engineering and industrial world of the past half-century. The 

 results of this association have been advantageous to both the 

 engineer and the pure scientist. The demands of the engineers for 

 new discoveries have acted as an incentive for greater effort on 

 the part of the investigators. In many instances the engineer is 

 years in advance of the pure scientist in these demands; but, on 

 the other hand, there are, no doubt, many valuable scientific facts 

 now available which will yet work wonders when the engineer per- 

 ceives their practical utility. 



The engineer develops much more fully the faculty of discern- 

 ment than does the abstract scientist, he is less visionary and more 

 practical, less exacting and more commercial. 



It is essential to progress that large stores of scientific know- 

 ledge in the abstract be accumulated and recorded in advance by 

 the pure scientists, so that as the engineer encounters the neces- 

 sity for their use he can employ them to the best advantage. The 

 engineer must be familiar with these stores of useful knowledge in 

 order to know what is available. This forms the scientific side of 

 the engineer's work. While he must know what has been done by 

 investigators, it is not absolutely necessary that he know how to 

 make all such researches for himself; although, as before stated, 

 there are times in an engineer's practice when such knowledge will 

 not come amiss. 



As engineers are specializing more and more, each particular 

 specialty becomes more closely allied with the sciences that most 

 affect it; consequently, to insure the very best and most economic 

 results in his work the engineer must keep in close touch with all 

 of the scientific discoveries in his line. 



The early engineers, owing to lack of scientific knowledge, took 

 much greater chances in their constructions than is necessary for 

 up-to-date, modern engineers. There is now no occasion for an 

 engineer to make any hazardous experiments in his structures, 

 because by careful study of scientific records he can render his re- 

 sults certain. 



In future the relations between engineers and the pure scientists 

 will be even closer than they are to-day, for as the problems con- 

 fronted by the engineer become more complex and comprehensive 

 the necessity for accurate knowledge will increase. 



The technical training now given engineers involves a great deal 

 of the purely scientific; and it is evident that this training should 

 be so complete as to give them a comprehensive knowledge of all 

 the leading sciences that affiliate with engineering. There is no 

 other profession that requires such a thorough knowledge of na- 

 ture and her laws. 



Of all the various divisions and subdivisions of the sciences 



