RELATIONS TO OTHER SCIENCES 681 



devoted by legislation to this purpose to a greater extent than to 

 any other, and the publications from Dr. Wiley's laboratory alone 

 indicate how valuable this has proven to be. As 'one among many 

 examples, we may cite the sugar industry, which owes its existence 

 to-day in this country, whether the source be sugar-cane or beet, or 

 starch from maize or potato, to the technical chemist. 



The technical chemist returns to the miner the metals isolated 

 from his ores in the form of tools and machinery, or coins, or con- 

 verted into compound substances available as medicines, as disin- 

 fectants, as detergents, and for a variety of purposes, and he 

 supplies him with his explosives through which his labor is rendered 

 much less arduous and his life more secure. 



The technical chemist looks to the civil engineer to provide the 

 means for the transportation of his raw material and his manufactured 

 products, and to the mechanical engineer for his constructions and his 

 machinery, but he supplies them with all the manufactured materials 

 used in their work, and guarantees by analysis the quality and char- 

 acter of the natural as well as the artificial materials required. So 

 rapid has this method of chemical supervision come into vogue in the 

 last half-century that the engineer, whether he is to build an hotel, a 

 ship, a locomotive, a gun, or a bridge, to lay a concrete foundation, 

 or to surface a road, now introduces into his specifications the chem- 

 ical requirements which the material must satisfy in order to be 

 accepted for use, and he depends upon explosives to enable him to 

 drive his tunnels, sink his shafts, and remove obstructions from his 

 course. It has excited no particular remark that a chemical labora- 

 tory has been established as a part of the preparations essential to the 

 building of a tunnel under the Hudson River. 



To the metallurgist technical chemistry has been invaluable, as it 

 has improved the quality, decreased the cost, and increased the speed 

 of production of his materials. The story is an interesting one as we 

 follow it either among the precious or the common metals. As set 

 forth by Bridge in the Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company, 

 where we trace the growth from the Kloman forge of 1853, worth 

 complete, $4800, to the Carnegie Company of 1899, valued at about 

 $500,000,000, the story is a fascinating one in many ways, but in none 

 more than in such rivalries as that between the blast-furnaces started 

 by the Lucy and Isabella furnaces and entered into by the Edgar 

 Thompson, the Carrie, and the Youngstown furnaces, by which the 

 output of pig-iron was increased from 50 tons in each 24 hours to 901 

 tons in the same period, while the coke consumption per ton of iron 

 was reduced by 50 per cent. No one with sporting blood in his veins 

 but feels a thrill as he follows these records at the blast-furnace, the 

 Bessemer converter, the open-hearth, and the rolling-mill, and espe- 

 cially as he realizes the tremendous issues involved and the enormous 



