RELATIONS TO OTHER SCIENCES 673 



processes are developed, apparatus and machinery invented, new 

 products discovered, new applications for known products found, 

 and where yields and costs are ascertained. Notable among these 

 are the famous research laboratories of the Badische Anilin und 

 Soda Fabrik, the Welcome Research Laboratories, and many others 

 that may be readily called to mind, and so fruitful and valuable 

 have these establishments proven that similar ones are rapidly 

 being established about manufacturing works. Their success seems 

 also to have suggested the formation of the independent research 

 companies, formed explicitly to combine research with practical 

 application, especially in electro-chemistry, one such located in 

 this country having, among others, developed processes for the 

 manufacture of barium hydroxide, synthetic camphor, and nitric 

 acid from atmospheric nitrogen. 



Of necessity many of the arts preceded the sciences, and this 

 was especially the case in chemistry, as many of the arts embraced 

 in technical chemistry, such as the utilization of fuel as a source 

 of energy, the manufacture of alcoholic beverages, bread, soap, 

 glass, and dyestuffs, the isolation of metals, the expression of oils, 

 and the extraction of sugar, starch, gums, glucosides, and alka- 

 loids, among others, were practiced, in an empirical way, long be- 

 fore the science of chemistry took form. In 1724, after chemistry 

 had emerged from alchemy, Boerhave defined chemistry as "an 

 art which teaches the manner of performing certain physical opera- 

 tions whereby bodies cognizable to the senses or capable of being 

 rendered cognizable or contained in vessels are so changed by means 

 of proper instruments as to produce certain determined effects, and 

 at the same time discover the causes thereof for service in the arts." 



The science of chemistry was a growth from the art and gradu- 

 ally developed. It was a crude science when the phlogiston theory 

 was propounded, and many of the advocates of this theory, such 

 as Stahl, Marggraf, Scheele, Bergmann, Priestley, Cavendish, and 

 Black contributed much valuable experimental and observational 

 data from their researches. But it takes date as a recognized sci- 

 ence when Lavoisier provided it with a systematic notation and 

 nomenclature, Dalton enunciated his atomic theory, and Berze- 

 lius demonstrated the constancy of combining proportions and of 

 constitution, and its growth since the beginning of the nineteenth 

 century has been almost marvelous. 



The distinction between pure and applied chemistry was uni- 

 versally recognized toward the middle of the eighteenth century, 

 special text-books on technical chemistry, in which theory was 

 combined with practice, and embracing analytical processes, par- 

 ticularly as they related to ores, being issued. In fact, from the 

 outset technical chemistry has naturally drawn continually upon 



