SECTION C PATHOLOGY 



(Hall 13, September 22, 10 a. m.) 



CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR SIMON FLEXNER, Director of the Rockefeller Institute. 

 SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR LUDVIG HEKTOEN, University of Chicago. 

 PROFESSOR JOHANNES ORTH, University of Berlin. 

 PROFESSOR SHIBASABURO KITASTO, University of Tokio. 

 SECRETARY: DR. W. McN. MILLER, University of Missouri. 



THE RELATIONS OF PATHOLOGY 



BY LUDVIG HEKTOEN 



[Ludvig Hektoen, Professor and Head of Department of Pathology and Bac- 

 teriology, University of Chicago, Director of Memorial Institute for Infec- 

 tious Diseases, b. July 2, 1863, Wisconsin. A.B. Luther College, 1883; A.M. 

 1902; M.D. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, 1887; Post-graduate, 

 Upsala, Berlin, and Prague. Pathologist, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, 

 1890-1904; Physician to Coroner's Office, Cook County, 1890-94. Co-editor, 

 Journal of Infectious Diseases, etc.] 



OSTWALD, the inspiring interpreter of the great principles of 

 science, states that "We have just passed through a period in 

 which all sciences have been isolated, a period of specialization, 

 and we find ourselves in an epoch in which the synthetic factors 

 in science are gaining a constantly increasing significance. . . . 

 Everywhere the individual sciences seek points of contact with one 

 another; everywhere the investigator determines the value which 

 his special results may have in the solving of the general problems. 

 In short, all sciences are tending to be philosophical. Nowhere is 

 this tendency toward fundamental explanation so great as in 

 biology." 



Pathology a Division of Biology 



Disease is the common lot of all forms of life, high as well as low, 

 animal as well as vegetable, and it is the special province of patho- 

 logy, the science of disease, to study life in its abnormal forms and 

 activities. Hence pathology is a division of biology, and it is in 

 fact pathological biology, but its relationships as such have not 

 always been so clearly appreciated as they ought to be; in part 

 this may be explained on account of the very special stress placed 

 on its direct application to practical medicine in the service of the 

 art of healing. For this and other reasons pathology in many re- 

 spects has remained somewhat isolated among biological sciences. 

 The early pathologists took the almost exclusive standpoint of 



