RELATIONS TO OTHER SCIENCES 253 



Judgment is a conscious mental synthesis, a unifying act. (Ladd.) 



Judgment is an inference in the form of a proposition. (Morgan.) 



Conation (Streben). The theoretic active element of conscious- 

 ness, showing itself in tendencies, impulses, desires, and acts of 

 volition. "Conation" in general "is unrest." The term will (wille) 

 is often used in the same sense. 



Streben is translated effort by Titchener. 



Begehren is used for conation by others. (Diet, of Psychology.) 



Volition is the faculty of the forked way, the possibility of action 

 or inhibition. Man has perceptual volition, in which he is conscious 

 of a choice, but does not reflect upon it. He has conceptual voli- 

 tion, in which he is conscious of choice, and can reflect upon his 

 choice. (Morgan.) 



Volition is a definite conative activity consciously directed to- 

 ward the realization of some mentally represented end, preceded or 

 accompanied by a desire, and usually accompanied or followed by 

 the feeling of effort. (Baldwin, Stout.) 



The settlement by the self of a psychic issue, the adoption of an 

 end. (Baldwin, Stout.) 



Witt is that conative organization of which volition is the ter- 

 minus or end-state. Will is conation in the concrete, determined 

 in an actual terminus by volition. (Baldwin, Stout.) 



Emotion (Affect). A total state of consciousness considered as 

 involving a distinctive feeling-tone, and a characteristic trend of 

 activity aroused by a certain situation which is either perceived 

 or ideally represented. (Stout, Baldwin.) 



Feeling or feeling-tone (Gefilhl) is absolute emotion. 



The same conscious state may be regarded either simply as feel- 

 ing, emotion, passion, or sentiment. (Ladd.) 



Consciousness (Bewusstein). The distinctive character of what- 

 ever may be called mental life. It is the point of division between 

 mind and not mind. (Baldwin.) Whatever we are when we are 

 not unconscious, that is consciousness. (Ladd.) 



Earlier psychologists called it the mind's direct cognizance of its 

 own states and processes. 



The word is not even indexed in Calkin's Elements of Psycho- 

 logy and is not defined by James. 



Consciousness or awareness means, according to G. Spiller, that 

 a notion does not stand by itself, but is connected to another no- 

 tion; the word "connection" may better be used for it. 



Psychiatry and Physics 



The science of physics is in closer relation to the administrative 

 care of the insane than to psychiatry proper. Light and electricity 



