PSYCHIATRY IN THE FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES 273 



large degree. After it became independent, pathology concerned 

 itself especially with deviations from the normal anatomical stand- 

 ard. It developed new relations with the other biological sciences as 

 they attained existence, and like morphological problems arose in 

 connection with them. There was mutual receiving and giving of aid, 

 but anatomy was the parent science and the study of the concrete 

 facts of structure being easier than ever-changing function, morpho- 

 logical conceptions have always kept in advance and pathology has 

 held them to be essential in giving finality to its explanations and 

 proofs. But with the slowing of progress, as normal and pathological 

 histology has approached the frontiers of present attainable know- 

 ledge, much of speculative theory has arisen in the endeavor to prove 

 apparent and conjectural realities of structure by reference to the 

 facts of physiological activity. The history of pathology reveals 

 evidence in support of the conclusion that, from the beginning, the 

 science of pathology has needed first the data of normal form and 

 function in order to study their deviations; also pathology has been 

 steadily tending to the finding of its ultimate dependence upon 

 physiology. Aside from the results called disease from actual trau- 

 matism of cell bodies caused by extrinsic agencies there must be many 

 transient conditions of intracellular rearrangements or molecular 

 disorder, beginning with functional and defensive reactions, long 

 before there can be any ascertainable structural findings. Such mole- 

 cular changes, beyond the ken of the microscopist, might be assumed 

 to be structural in fact; but the ultimate problem of the search for 

 explaining principles thus tends to become a physico-chemical one. 

 The facts of cell functions should hold an important place in the 

 study of the varying agencies and influences of cell stimulation in the 

 production of symptoms. The relation to physiology of the morpho- 

 logical side of pathology is especially instructive. 



The Relation of Morphology, Normal and Pathological, to Physiology 



Morphology presents considerations of the highest importance 

 which require special notice in this examination of the mutual re- 

 lations of the biological sciences. It is granted that pathology, on the 

 morphological side, is inconceivable without normal anatomy as its 

 basis. Pathological anatomy, being dependent on normal anatomy, 

 belongs to the science of morphology. This science, with its great 

 subdivision of embryology, has attained splendid achievements; in 

 the course of its advancement in many specialized lines of investiga- 

 tion in plant and animal life, it has enjoyed the advantage of being 

 able to study the problems of evolution and development in many 

 quickly succeeding generations of vital forms. The scope of its obser- 

 vations has extended farther than from the point of view of medicine, 



