508 PHYSIOLOGY CHAP. 



near the nose the animal did not react, hut the inside of the ear 

 remained sensitive to this stimulus. The animal reacted vigorously 

 to stronger stimuli, and awakened if asleep. If pinched or pricked 

 at any point of the skin while wandering about, it showed annoy- 

 ance by its movements and voice, or by biting. 



The sense of taste remained ; if offered two portions of meat in 

 two dishes, one dipped in milk, the other in solution of quinine 

 sulphate, it chewed and swallowed the first, and rejected the 

 second after taking it into its mouth and biting it. 



The sense of smell was of course absent, since the olfactory 

 lobes had been destroyed, but the nasal branches of the trigeminus 

 sufficed to produce a reaction in presence of ammonia vapours, 

 and sneezing with tobacco-smoke. 



The sense of hearing was much reduced ; the blare of a 

 trumpet was required to arouse it from sleep. 



In regard to vision it was noticed that the pupils of both eyes 

 contracted sharply to light, and if a flash of light from a dark 

 lantern was suddenly turned on the animal in the dark, it shut 

 its eyes and turned its head away. On the other hand, it was 

 unable to avoid obstacles by sight. The fixed stare of its expres- 

 sionless eyes lasted unchanged till death, even when threatening 

 gestures were made or a cat or rabbit was brought in front of its 

 eyes. Still, according to Goltz, it could not be termed wholly 

 blind, as it shut its eyes and turned its head aside in presence of 

 light. 



The intelligence of the animal was very much reduced. It 

 remained mute and indifferent alike to caresses and threats. Yet 

 it did not lose its sense of hunger and instinct to feed. When 

 hungry it moved about in its cage, put its tongue out rhythmically, 

 and made mastication movements with its jaws. If set on a table 

 with a dish of milk and pieces of meat near its nose, it began at 

 once to lap, chew, and swallow with evident satisfaction, like an 

 ordinary dog. In proportion as the stomach filled, the mastication 

 movements became slower, and finally, when it had taken 500 

 grins, flesh and 290 grms. milk, it left off eating. The animal was 

 incapable of finding the way to its food ; if the meals had not been 

 placed in front of its nose it would have died of inanition in the 

 presence of abundance of food, like Flourens' pigeon. 



Goltz' dog, accordingly, differs from the decerebrated fishes 

 and frogs of Steiner and Schrader, which captured worms and 

 flies ; but it must not be forgotten that in this animal, not only 

 was the fore-brain absent, but almost all the thalamencephalon, 

 and part of the mid-brain as well. " A dog with intact 'tween- 

 brain and normal optic nerves would undoubtedly exhibit more 

 phenomena than our dog, notwithstanding the loss of the cerebral 

 cortex and corpora striata " (Goltz). 



This prediction has been verified by the work of Eothmann, 



