SECTION E PHYSIOGRAPHY 



(Hall 12, September 21, 10 a. TO.) 



CHAIRMAN: MR. HENRY GANNETT, United States Geological Survey. 

 SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR ALBRECHT PENCK, University of Vienna. 



PROFESSOR ISRAEL C. RUSSELL, University of Michigan. 

 SECRETARY: PROFESSOR JOHN M. CLARKE, Albany, N. Y. 



THE RELATIONS OF PHYSIOGRAPHY TO THE OTHER 



SCIENCES 



BY ALBRECHT PENCK 



(Translated from the German by Cleveland Abbe, Jr., Washington, D. C.) 



[Albrecht Penck, Professor of Geography, Imperial and Royal University of 

 Vienna, since 1885. l b. Reudnitz, Leipsic, September 25, 1858. Ph.D. Leipsic, 

 1878; k.k. Hofrat, since 1903; Geologist, Geological Survey of Saxony, 1877- 

 79; ibid. Geological Survey of Bavaria, 1881-82; Privat-docent of Geo- 



fraphy, University of Munich, 1883-85. Member of Imperial Academy of 

 cience, Vienna; Leopold Carl. Academy of Naturalists; Royal Academy of 

 Padua; Honorary member of Natural History Society of Switzerland; Academy 

 of Science, New York; and numerous scientific and learned societies. Author 

 of Die Vergletscherung der deutschen Alpen; Der deutsche Reich; Die Donau; 

 Morphologie der Erdoberflache ; Friedrich Simony ; (with E. Briichner: Die 

 Apennine Eisreitaller ;) and numerous works and articles on scientific subjects.] 



THE geographical sciences have not developed according to any 

 definite, preconceived plan. They have developed and branched off 

 from one another according as the division of labor and progress in 

 research awoke demands for them. It is therefore vain to attempt to 

 discriminate sharply between them from a philosophical standpoint. 

 Such attempts would frequently result only in constraining them 

 into programmes which did not at all correspond to their develop- 

 ment. In order to understand the mutual relations of these sciences 

 one must always adopt the standpoint of the historian. One must 

 acquaint himself with their development, and study how, through 

 the selection of certain problems or by the employment of certain 

 methods of investigation, the work came to be divided up and finally 

 resulted in the establishment of independent branches of knowledge. 

 Only thus can one come to understand the ever-changing scope of the 

 geographical sciences in the past, or discover the probable directions 

 of their future development. In arranging a programme one could 

 1 Professor of Geography in the University of Berlin since 1906. 



