CHAP, i.] TISSUES AND MECHANISMS OF DIGESTION. 393 



The mucous membrane proper is defined from the underlying 

 submucous tissue by a muscularis mucosae of plain unstriated 

 muscular fibres, lying at some distance from the epithelium. 

 These muscular fibres are absent at the upper part of the 

 oesophagus, appear lower down in isolated longitudinal bundles, 

 and eventually form a distinct layer, which however is not so 

 regular as in the rest' of the alimentary canal, arid consists of 

 longitudinal fibres only, circular fibres being absent. 



In man a few but in other animals a considerable number of 

 small 'mucous' and 'albuminous' glands are found in the submucous 

 tissue ; their ducts, penetrating the muscularis mucosa3 where 

 present, open on to the surface of the mucous membrane." In man 

 and mammalia these glands appear to serve only the purpose of 

 keeping the internal surface of the oesophagus moist ; but in some 

 animals, as in the frog, in which the epithelium of the oesophagus 

 is not the many layered stratified epithelium just described, but 

 a single layer of columnar ciliated cells mixed with mucous cells, 

 of the kind which we shall later on describe as ' goblet ' cells, there 

 is a large development of glands at the lower part of the oeso- 

 phagus, and the cells of these glands manufacture pepsin. 



As in other parts of the alimentary canal the submucous tissue 

 carries the larger blood vessels whose smaller branches supply the 

 mucous membrane ; and lymphatics, beginning in the mucous 

 membrane, form considerable plexuses in the submucous coat. 



222. In man both the thicker inner circular and the outer 

 thinner longitudinal muscular layer consist in the upper part of 

 the oesophagus exclusively of bundles of striated fibres, which in 

 their main characters are identical with ordinary fibres of skeletal 

 muscles. At about the end of the upper third or sooner, bundles 

 of plain unstriated fibres make their appearance among the 

 bundles of striated fibres, and a little lower down the striated 

 fibres disappear, so that, in the lower half or more of the tube, 

 both circular and longitudinal layers are composed almost exclu- 

 sively of plain unstriated fibres, a few stray bundles of striated 

 muscle being found here and there. The relation of the striated 

 and unstriated fibres differs however in different animals ; in some 

 the striated tissue reaches down nearly to the stomach. 



Above, both longitudinal and circular layers merge into the 

 inferior constrictor of the pharynx ; below, the longitudinal 

 bundles spread out in a radial fashion to join the corresponding 

 longitudinal muscular coat of the stomach, and the circular fibres 

 are also continuous with the circular and oblique layers of the 

 stomach, more especially with the latter. Before the circular 

 fibres thus spread out over the stomach, they undergo a somewhat 

 increased development forming a sort of sphincter of the cardiac 

 orifice. 



Outside the longitudinal muscular coat of the oesophagus there 

 is a considerable development of connective tissue forming what is 



