411 TRYPSIN AND TRYPSINOGEN. [BOOK n. 



transparent material lodged in the spaces of the cell-substance, 

 which material even if not exactly identical with at least closely 

 resembles the inuciii found in the secret ion; and apparently, in 

 the act of secretion the granules do undergo some such change. 

 In the case of some other glands moreover we have chemical 

 as well as optical evidence that the material stored up in the 

 cell, is, in part at least, not the actual substance appearing in the 

 secretion but an antecedent of that substance. 



An important constituent of pancreatic juice is, as we shall see 

 later on, a body called trypsin, a ferment very similar to pepsin, 

 acting on proteid bodies and o>n\ erting them into peptone and other 

 substances. Though in many ivsprets alike, pepsin and trypsin are 

 quite distinct bodies, and differ markedly in this, that while an 

 acid medium is necessary tor the action of pepsin, an alkaline 

 medium is necessary for the action of trypsin; and accordingly the 

 pam-ivatic juice is alkaline in contrast to the acidity of gastric 

 juice. Trypsin, can, like pepsin ( 205), be extracted with gly- 

 cerine from substances in which it occurs; glycerine extracts of 

 trypsin however need for the manifestation of their powers the 

 pn'-ence of a weak alkali, such as a 1 p.c. solution of sodium 

 carbonate. 



Now trypsin is present in abundance in normal pancreatic 

 juice; but a loaded pancreas, one \\hidi is ripe for secretion, and 

 which if excited to secrete would immediately pour out a juice rich 

 in trypsin, contains no trypsin or a mere trace of it; nay even a 

 pancreas which is engaged in the act of secreting contains in its 

 actual cells an insignificant quantity only of trypsin, as is shewn 

 by the following experiment. 



If the panen a- of an animal, even of one in full digestion, be 

 treated, while still warm from the body, with glycerine, the 

 glycerine extract, as judged of by its action on fibrin in the presence 

 of sodium carbonate, is inert or nearly so as regards proteid bodies. 

 If, however, the same pancreas be kept for 24 hours before being 

 treated with glycerine, the glycerine extract readily digests fibrin 

 and other proteids in the presence of an alkali. If the pancreas, 

 while still warm, be rubbed up in a mortar for a few minutes 

 with dilute acetic acid, and then treated with glycerine, the 

 glycerine extract is strongly proteolytic. If the glycerine extract 

 obtained without acid from the warm pancreas, and therefore inert. 

 be diluted largely with water, and kept at 35 C. for some time, 

 it becomes active. If treated with acidulated insfead of distilled 

 water, its activity is much sooner developed. If the inert glyce- 

 rine extract of warm pancreas be precipitated with alcohol in 

 excess, the precipitate, inert as a proteolytic ferment when fresh, 

 becomes active when exposed for some time in an aqueous solution, 

 rapidly so when treated with acidulated water. These facts shew 

 that a pancreas taken fresh from the body, even during full 

 digestion, contains but little ready-made ferment, though there is 



