194 PHILOSOPHY 



rational or harmonic pluralism is at least open, to say no more. Nay, 

 we are not to forget that by the results of our analysis of the concepts 

 One and Many, Time and Space, and the real relation between them, 

 plural metaphysics has already won a precedence in this contest. 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINE- 

 TEENTH CENTURY 



BY GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD 



[George Trumbull Ladd, Professor of Philosophy, Yale University, b. Jan- 

 uary 19, 1842, Painesville, Ohio. B.A. Western Reserve College, 1864; 

 B.D. Andover Theological Seminary, 1869; D.D. Western Reserve, 1879; 

 M.A.Yale, 1881; LL.D. Western Reserve, 1895; LL.D. Princeton, 1896. 

 Decorated with the 3d Degree of the Order of the Rising Sun of Japan, 

 1899; Pastor, Edinburg, Ohio, 1869-71; ibid., Milwaukee, Wis., 1871-79; 

 Professor of Philosophy, Bowdoin College, 1879-81; ibid., Yale University, 

 1881 ; Lecturer, Harvard, Tokio, Bombay, etc., 1885 . Member Ameri- 

 can Psychological Association, American Society of Naturalists, American 

 Philosophical Association, American Oriental Society, Imperial Educational 

 Society of Japan, Connecticut Academy. Author of Elements of Physiolog- 

 ical Psychology ; Philosophy of Knowledge ; Philosophy of Mind ; A Theory of 

 Reality ; and many other noted scientific works and papers.] 



THE history of man's critical and reflective thought upon the 

 more ultimate problems of nature and of his own life has, indeed, 

 its period of quickened progress, relative stagnation, and apparent 

 decline. Great thinkers are born and die, "schools of philosophy," 

 so-called, arise, flourish, and become discredited; and tendencies 

 of various characteristics mark the national or more general Zeit- 

 geist of the particular centuries. And always, a certain deep under- 

 current, or powerful stream of the rational evolution of humanity, 

 flows silently onward. But these periods of philosophical develop- 

 ment do not correspond to those which have been marked off for 

 man by the rhythmic motion of the heavenly bodies, or by himself 

 for purposes of greater convenience in practical affairs. The pro- 

 posal, therefore, to treat any century of philosophical development 

 as though it could be taken out of, and considered apart from, this 

 constant unfolding of man's rational life is, of necessity, doomed to 

 failure. And, indeed, the nineteenth century is no exception to the 

 general truth. 



There is, however, one important and historical fact which makes 

 more definite, and more feasible, the attempt to present in outline 

 the history of the philosophical development of the nineteenth 

 century. This fact is the death of Immanuel Kant, February 12, 

 1804. In a very unusual way this event marks the close of the 



