688 SOCIAL SCIENCE 



way," -such are some of the short cuts from an industrious life to 

 a career of vagrancy or crime. 



The labor colonies of Germany, the municipal lodging-houses of 

 England and America, with state employment bureaus and the 

 necessity to make work, now and then, here and there, to keep the 

 army of the unemployed from starving, these surely are signs of 

 the new times. 



At no point is legislation gaining at so good a pace upon the waste- 

 ful abuses of industrialism as in the provision for compulsory 

 education, the strict regulation of child labor, the maintenance of 

 juvenile courts and probation officers to deal with delinquent and 

 dependent children and in furthering and safeguarding the placing 

 out of those who are wards of the state. 



The tendencies to specialize, combine, and democratize the public 

 and private administration of charities and correction are as char- 

 acteristic of the industrial age as any of its developments. Indeed, 

 the whole modern conception, method, and movement of philanthropy 

 are hardly conceivable prior to or apart from our present point of 

 view. But only within the last few years has this conformity to 

 those economies and concentrations which are distinctive of industri- 

 alism been so marked. At no previous time has the socially well- 

 informed person been expected to know, not something of every- 

 thing, but everything of something. Specialties have narrowed 

 down and also broadened so that it is more possible to meet this 

 requirement, and yet in so doing find scope for the best academic 

 discipline and culture. Every branch of philanthropy has long 

 since shown the practical value in this specializing accuracy of 

 observation and administration. Never before have more people 

 of strong caliber and large personal equipment been in the social 

 service, professionally and as volunteers. Teachers trained for 

 professorships find satisfaction and reputation as superintendents 

 of reformatories. Men of recognized talent and attainment, both 

 in scholarly and business pursuits, are found in the wardenships of 

 prisons, at the head of child-saving institutions, serving as chiefs 

 of departments in city governments and in secretaryships of state 

 boards of charities. Their service as well as their literature is 

 receiving deserved, though belated, academic recognition as of 

 scientific value. Their specialties are taking rightful place among 

 the arts. 



The economy of personal and financial resource in combining the 

 same and allied interests results in the largest output for the least 

 expenditure in philanthropy as in business. The charity organization 

 society has become as much of an economic necessity and as essen- 

 tial a part of the equipment of cities and towns as the clearing-house 

 of the banks. 



