CONTROL OF DEPENDENCIES 395 



body of Filipinos organized and trained as an insular constabulary. 

 The power and prestige of the United States constitute a sufficient 

 guaranty that the archipelago will not be invaded by a foreign enemy. 

 Under these conditions the inhabitants of the islands enjoy 

 opportunities for their intellectual and political development which 

 were never extended to them before. The essential feature of the 

 new phase of colonial administration is that it sets a higher estimate 

 on the dependent people than was usual when Europeans began to 

 exercise political authority over communities composed of members 

 of other races. It recognizes racial differences, but at the same time 

 it finds in the less developed races other sentiments than fear to 

 which it may successfully appeal. Of the old system of controlling 

 dependencies the rule of the Dutch in Java furnishes an illustration. 

 The government of the United States in the Philippines furnishes 

 an example of the new system. In the social affairs of Java nothing 

 is more conspicuous than the line that separates the Dutch from 

 the Javanese. The extreme humility and submissiveness of the 

 Javanese in the presence of their political superiors have not been 

 maintained without reason on the part of the natives, or without 

 design on the part of the Dutch. Even to-day the representative 

 thought of the Dutch in Java lays stress on this attitude of the Java- 

 nese as indicating the efficiency of the Dutch rule. The natives have 

 been made to understand that intercourse between themselves and 

 the Dutch is something different from intercourse among the Dutch, 

 where men address one another as equals. That this idea might 

 be impressed upon them, the Javanese have not been encouraged to 

 learn the Dutch language or allowed to use it in addressing the Dutch 

 residents of the islands, and as a consequence of this a social barrier 

 has been erected between the two elements of the population. 



Under the policy established in the Philippines other sentiments 

 than fear are made use of in adjusting the relations between the two 

 peoples. The Filipino has a strong desire to be counted in with 

 the members of the dominant nation, whether Spaniards or Ameri- 

 cans. Nothing affords this ambition a more immediate gratifica- 

 tion than the opportunity to learn the language of the nation in 

 power. If the inhabitants of a dependency speak the same tongue 

 and read the same books and periodicals as their political superiors, 

 they not only seem to themselves to belong to the controlling class, 

 but, in fact, by these means they become rapidly assimilated to 

 that class. 



The eagerness with which the Filipinos have seized the oppor- 

 tunity to learn the English language is a strong indication of their 

 desire to be affiliated with the Americans. If two peoples, or parts 

 of two peoples, are politically united, and one adopts the speech of 

 the other, the strongest barrier between them falls away, and racial 



