THE TENDENCIES OF THE WORLD'S POLITICS DURING 

 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 



BY ELISHA BENJAMIN ANDREWS 



[Elisha Benjamin Andrews, Chancellor of the University of Nebraska since 1900. 

 b. Hinsdale, New Hampshire, January 10, 1844. A. B. Brown University, 

 1870; ibid. Newton Theological Institution, 1874; LL.D. Brown University; 

 ibid. Nebraska University; ibid. Chicago University; University of Berlin, 

 1882; University of Munich, 1883; Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

 President of Denison University, Ohio, 1875-79; Professor of Homiletics, New- 

 ton Theological Institution, 1879-82; Professor of Political Economy and 

 History, Brown University, 1882-88; Professor of Political Economy and 

 Finance, Cornell University, 1888-89. President of Brown University, 1889- 

 98 ; Superintendent of Chicago Public Schools, 1898-1900. Member of Ameri- 

 can Economic Association ; Loyal Legion; United States Delegate to Brussels 

 Monetary Conference, 1892. Author of Institutes of General History; Insti- 

 tutes of Political Economy; History of the United States; History of the United 

 States in Our Own Times; Outlines of Principles of History; Outlines of Cos- 

 mology.] 



IN speaking of the politics of a period, I suppose that we contem- 

 plate, in the main, three orders of elements: (1) Political psychology, 

 viz., theories, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings, so far as these are con- 

 ceived of as fertile and causal; Boulanger's influence for a time in 

 France, for instance. (2) Political movements, whether these have 

 attained definite results or not. Chartism in England would illus- 

 trate and so would the Abolitionist crusade in the United States. 

 (3) New political creations, such as new states, leagues, alliances, 

 conquests, policies, institutions, maxims, codes, modes of political 

 procedure, or shiftings of political emphasis. 



These three sets of elements may perhaps be brought together 

 without confusion under the general caption of political movement 

 considered in itself, in its causes, and in its results. 



Reversing this order and proceeding from surface to center, we 

 notice, as a good way to get started, alterations in the political 

 geography of the last century. Even apart from the bouleversement 

 wrought by Napoleon, when, for the time, Europe did not venture 

 to stereotype any maps, the century was a rather busy cartographer. 

 I mention only historically significant changes and omit all details. 



The United States has come to embrace the whole territory lying 

 west of the old Thirteen to the Pacific, besides Alaska, the Philip- 

 pines and Porto Rico. Spain is no longer an American power; all 

 her old dependencies here, save Porto Rico, now an appanage of 

 the American Republic, having become sovereign states. Brazil, 

 independent of Portugal since 1823, is a republic, the last American 

 political community to oust a monarch. 



Great Britain grew greater and still greater ; South Africa became 

 hers; so did Egypt, for, though the Union Jack is not unfurled there, 



