SURGERY 199 



are found almost entirely at the University of Paris. 

 Of the specialties that are found at some of the pro- 

 vincial Universities such as legal medicine at Lyon 

 space does not here permit an account. 



The French school of surgery has been renowned for 

 its efficiency in anatomy, many of the ablest clinicians 

 having advanced from anatomy into surgery. Conse- 

 quently, excellent opportunities for work in surgical 

 anatomy and operative surgery are to be had, particu- 

 larly in the department of anatomy at the Ecole Pratique, 

 which is under the direction of NICOLAS. The undergrad- 

 uate work in surgery is taught in the surgical divisions 

 of the various city hospitals, the staffs of which are 

 controlled by the University. It is in connection with 

 these clinics that the best opportunities for graduate 

 work are to be found. Students work on the service as 

 clinical clerks, have ward walks with the chief and staff, 

 attend the operations and clinics, and work in the out- 

 patient department. It is possible under certain condi- 

 tions for graduate students to secure these positions, 

 which are analogous to clinical clerkships in the English 

 schools. Special courses in diagnosis and operative 

 courses on the cadaver in general surgery and the various 

 specialties are given from time to time by the assistants 

 in some of the clinics. Laboratories are attached to cer- 

 tain clinics where opportunities for pathological, bac- 

 teriological and research work are to be had. 



General surgery. In most of the hospitals there is no 

 division of the surgical service; general surgery, genito- 

 urinary surgery, and gynecology being done by the same 

 staff. The principal hospitals with their chief and as- 

 sistant attending surgeons at the onset of the war were 

 as follows: Hopital Beaujon: TUFFIER, with BAZY and 

 MICHAUX. Hopital Bichat: MORESTIN and staff. Ho- 

 pital Cochin: QUENU, with SCHWARTZ and FAURE. 



