264 PHILOSOPHY 



several other directions. Taking as his point of depart- 

 ure the philosophy of KANT but stressing especially the 

 Critique of Practical Reason, Charles RENOUVIER worked 

 his way out to a strictly independent standpoint in 

 his "Essais de critique generale." He affirms the inde- 

 pendence of the human person; he shows how freedom 

 must be reintegrated in the very structure of the world. 

 Among the thinkers who have attached themselves to 

 this standpoint of Neo-Criticism are the late F. PILLON, 

 for many years the editor of the organ founded by 

 Renouvier, "L'Annee philosophique"; the late 0. HAME- 

 LIN; and L. DAURIAC. 



Drawing his inspiration alike from the philosophy of 

 Plato, which he so brilliantly expounded in his earlier 

 years, and from the doctrine of evolution which made 

 such a profound impression on French thought in the latter 

 part of the nineteenth century, Alfred FOUILLEE arrived 

 at an evolutionary conception of the world which is both 

 strictly rational and teleological. This evolution is 

 mediated through what Fouillee has called "idees- 

 forces," ideas which are at the same time activities 

 tending to realize themselves. This doctrine he has set 

 forth in "L'fivolution des idees-forces," "La psychologic 

 des idees-forces," and numerous other works. His nephew, 

 J. M. GTJYAU, supported vigorously this same doctrine 

 till his untimely death. 



We have touched upon only a few of the more promi- 

 nent and original currents in French thought in the nine- 

 teenth century which are still influential to-day. Limi- 

 tation prevents us from more than mentioning several 

 other tendencies. The profound movement in the phi- 

 losophy of religion, generally known as Modernism, has 

 been developed within very liberal Catholic circles mostly 

 by French thinkers such as LOISY, Maurice BLONDEL, LA- 



BERTHONNIERE, E. LsROY, FONSEGRIVE, WlLBOIS, and 



