268 PHILOSOPHY 



BOUGLE, we have already spoken. DURKHEIM occupies 

 the combined chair of Education and Sociology, and 

 usually presents courses along both of these lines. LEVY- 

 BRUHL always lectures on some aspect of the history of 

 modern philosophy. BOUGLE holds the chair of Social 

 Economy; in 1914-5 he treated the following subjects: 

 "La formation du socialisme democratique en France de 

 1830 a 1848" and "Recherches sur 1'economie politique 

 et la morale sociale." G. DUMAS, who fills the chair of 

 Experimental Psychology, keeps closely to the French tra- 

 dition of treating this subject from the pathological 

 standpoint. He has written several notable works: 

 "Le sourire," "La tristesse et la joie," "Psychologic de 

 deux messies positivistes." 



Other Universities. Though Paris offers a wealth of 

 talent in philosophy both within and without the Uni- 

 versity which cannot be duplicated in any other center 

 in France, still there is a large number of notable and 

 original thinkers occupying chairs of philosophy in 

 the other fifteen universities scattered throughout the 

 country. Maurice BLONDEL became one of the initia- 

 tors of the Modernistic movement through his famous 

 work entitled "L' Action." At Bordeaux are BREHIER, 

 who has written one of the best works on Schelling, and 

 RUYSSEN, who has produced some excellent studies in the 

 history of philosophy, especially on Kant and Schopen- 

 hauer. Abel KEY, at the University of Dijon, has 

 vigorously championed the extreme mechanical standpoint 

 of science in his two works: " L 'Energetique et le 

 mecanisme" and "La theorie de la physique chez les 

 physiciens contemporains." E. GO-BLOT, at the Univer- 

 sity of Lyon, has done some very original work in the 

 classification of the sciences. FOUCAULT, at the Uni- 

 versity of Montpellier, and BOURDON, at the University 



