334 ZOOLOGY 



His studies on the spontaneous generation of life, his 

 observations on the nature of fermentation, on the 

 micro-organisms causing silkworm diseases, and on the 

 floating matter of the air, found applications in physiology 

 and surgery as well as in other departments of biological 

 investigation. These studies also formed the basis from 

 which, by a series of ascending steps, he rose to the study 

 of toxins and antitoxins and to the formation of various 

 serums and vaccines. The establishment of the first 

 Pasteur Institute in Paris, in 1888, served to unify his 

 work and to house the different kinds of biological inves- 

 tigation he had set under way. 



The temper of the French people is shown in the 

 popular vote taken in 1907, that placed Pasteur at the 

 head of all their notable men. This is significant of the 

 cordiality extended by the French mind to scientific 

 investigation and to intellectual achievements. 



The three scientific achievements spoken of above were 

 of general application to all biological science. We may 

 now turn attention more specifically to the zoological 

 side; and, in doing so, it tends to clearness to recognize 

 that some of the subjects of the medical curriculum are 

 zoological in nature. Such subjects as anatomy, histol- 

 ogy, embryology, and physiology, while they have their 

 practical utility for medical men, are divisions of the 

 zoological territory. Likewise, palaeontology, which has 

 been so cultivated by French investigators, belongs to 

 the morphological side of zoology. 



(4) Comparative Anatomy. The morphological and 

 physiological aspects of animals constitute the foundation 

 of the zoologist's training. In the early years of the 

 nineteenth century, the influence of CUVIER (1769-1832) 

 was dominant in zoology. This French zoologist and 

 legislator showed great zeal for the study of animal 



