340 ZOOLOGY 



In France, F. MESNTL, E. CHATTON, and others, have 

 been leaders. Incidentally, it may be mentioned that 

 until recently there has been associated with the Pasteur 

 Institute LAVERAN, a veteran in the study of pathogenic 

 protozoa, whose demonstration, in 1880, of the plas- 

 modium of malaria marks almost the beginning of work 

 in parasitic protozoology. Besides the work at the 

 Pasteur Institute, Raphael BLANCHARD, editor of the 

 " Archives de parasitologie," and member of the medical 

 faculty in Paris, offers courses in parasitology. Micro- 

 biology and parasitology are especially provided for at 

 the Universities of Algiers, Montpellier, Nancy, and 

 Poitiers. 



Entomology. r In this field, including life-histories, 

 structure, habits and relation of insects to the organic 

 world the French annals show many notable names. 

 On the structural side, comes to mind the famous mono- 

 graph of STRAUS-DURCKHEIM, and the investigations of 

 Leon DUFOUR. The late J. Henri FABRE (1823-1915) 

 holds high esteem in the study of the behavior of insects. 

 His ten volumes of "Souvenirs entomologiques " are 

 deservedly world-famous. Many of his books have been 

 translated into English and are widely known. As a 

 successor to this interesting naturalist, cultivating 

 entomology in the same spirit with a more modern direc- 

 tion, may be mentioned Pol MARSCHAL at the Institut 

 Agronomique. The courses in entomology by BONNIER 

 have been already indicated. At the University of 

 Rennes is a Station of Entomology, giving especial 

 attention to insects injurious to vegetation. 



Zoological Palaeontology. As already stated, the in- 

 vestigation of extinct animals is properly included in 

 zoology, since they were merely the forerunners of living 

 animals, although the study is usually pursued under a 

 separate division of science designated Palaeontology. 



