ANTHROPOLOGY' 



The history of Anthropology, with its four subdivi- 

 sions of Physical Anthropology, Prehistoric Archaeology, 

 Ethnology, and Ethnography, can be traced in France 

 perhaps better than in any other country of the world. 



Physical Anthropology. This statement is especially 

 true of Physical Anthropology. It was a French traveller, 

 BERNIER (1625-1688) who first attempted to distinguish 

 the races of mankind; this preceded the classification of 

 LINNAEUS by over fifty years. BUFFON (1707-1788) 

 was one of the first to insist that man was a single species. 

 The " Transformism " of LAMARCK (1744-1829) was the 

 first coherent theory of evolution. This hypothesis 

 was supported by SAINT-HILAIRE (1772-1844), and 

 attacked by CUVIER (1769-1832), who put forward 

 "the catastrophic theory" as his solution of the ques- 

 tion of the history of the animal world. Hair as the 

 most perfect of the criteria of race was recognized as 

 early as 1827 by SAINT-VINCENT and in 1858 by SAINT- 

 HILAIRE. But it was not until 1863, when PRUNER 

 BEY read his classic memoir before the Societe dAnthro- 

 pologie, that the importance of this criterion for a classi- 

 fication of the races of man was fully realized. 



Alfred Haddon 2 has called BROCA, TOPINARD, and 

 DE QUATREFAGES the " Systematisers " of Anthropol- 

 ogy. BROCA (1824-1880), the greatest of all physical 



1 [Drafting Committee: C. H. HAWES, Dartmouth College; A. M. 

 TOZZER, Harvard University. ED.] 



2 A History of Anthropology," N. Y., 1910. 



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