SURGERY 197 



CIVIALE was the first to perform lithotrity in 1824. Au- 

 guste NELATON (1807-73) had an international reputation 

 as a teacher and operator. He wrote a treatise on surgi- 

 cal pathology, and is familiar to the modern student for 

 his introduction of a valuable rubber catheter. 



Paul BROCA (1824-1880) was the first great brain 

 surgeon, and a leader of the modern French school of 

 anthropology. He located the speech center in the 

 third left frontal convolution, and introduced the term 

 " motor aphasia." He invented craniometry, and was 

 an ardent supporter of the theory of evolution; at the 

 period of its introduction he was credited with the 

 aphorism: "I would rather be a transformed ape than 

 a degenerate son of Adam." 



The work of PASTEUR revolutionized surgery, as it 

 did all of the other special branches of medicine, but the 

 French surgeons were not the first to see its great prac- 

 tical importance in their particular field. After LISTER 

 had established antiseptic surgery, it was quickly adopted 

 by the French. LUCAS-CHAMPIONNIERE (d. 1916) was 

 its earliest advocate in France and on the continent. 

 Aside from his early work on antisepsis and asepsis, he 

 wrote an exhaustive treatise on fractures, in which he 

 advocated early massage and passive motion as the 

 most successful agents for preventing delayed and non- 

 union and stiffness of neighboring joints. 



Overlapping the antiseptic period were a number of 

 well known French surgeons. OLLIER (1825-1900), of 

 Lyon, did the most extensive and valuable experimental 

 work of the century on bone regeneration and trans- 

 plantation. His pathological and clinical writings on 

 diseases of the bones are noteworthy contributions. 

 Felix GUYON (1831-1903) was one of the great genito- 

 urinary surgeons of his time. His clinic at Hopital 

 Necker attracted students from all over the world. 



