378 APPENDIX II 



actual organization of the Universities as it exists today is very 

 recent. It dates from a law of July 10, 1896, which, grouping 

 together the various isolated and independent Faculties and Schools 

 existing at the seats of the various administrative educational 

 districts, organized them into Universities. 



The work of the Universities is comprised under the four Facul- 

 ties of Law, Medicine, Sciences, and Letters, and the Higher School 

 of Pharmacy. However, not every University possesses all of 

 these five establishments. But, in whatever University they are 

 found, the Faculties or Schools are of the same type and offer 

 essentially the same lines of instruction. 



The "Facultes de Medecine" and the "Ecoles superieures de 

 Pharmacie" provide complete instruction for the degrees of doctor 

 of medicine and registered pharmacist, and also offer full opportu- 

 nities for research along these lines. In some of the Universities 

 the work along these two lines is combined into one school, the 

 so-called "Facultes mixtes de Medecine et de Pharmacie" and the 

 "Ecoles de plein exercice de Medecine et de Pharmacie." Other 

 Universities offer only the first three years of studies out of the 

 five required for the official degrees in medicine and pharmacy, in 

 the so-called "ficoles preparatoires de Medecine et de Pharmacie." 



The "Facultes de Droit" are devoted not only to research and 

 instruction in the legal sciences, but also in the economic sciences, 

 such as political economy, finance, administration, etc. 



The "Facultes des Sciences," especially devoted to the mathe- 

 matical, physical and biological sciences, offer instruction and 

 research in both pure and applied science. 



Finally, the "Facultes des Lettres" give full instruction and 

 offer opportunities for research in philosophy, languages, philology, 

 history, geography, pedagogy, etc. A certain number have also 

 organized for the benefit of foreigners special courses in French 

 literature, philology, and phonetics, which are given either during 

 the regular school year or during the summer vacation. 



"Instituts" and "Ecoles." In a number of Universities the 

 courses already offered, or the laboratory work already carried on 

 has been specially organized and co-ordinated with reference to the 

 achievement of certain special ends in pure science or in the applica- 

 tion of knowledge to special technical or practical purposes. The 

 courses so organized constitute the various "Instituts" and 

 "Ecoles," attached to the various Faculties to which they are 

 related. The Universities in which they are organized grant 



