58 BOTANY 



during his activities as a botanist that an unusual number 

 of North American plants came to Paris for identifica- 

 tion, and that the herbarium under his direction became 

 rich in American "types." Later Lamarck became a 

 zoologist, and proposed the first great explanation of 

 organic evolution, which is now usually referred to as 

 "Lamarckism." 



The fossil flora of France is one of the best preserved 

 in the world, and this has been taken advantage of in 

 the strong development of Palaeobotany by such leaders 

 as BRONGNIART, who published the first extensive ac- 

 count of fossil plants ; followed by DE SAPORTA, RENAULT, 

 ZEILLER, BERTRAND, GRAND-EURY, and LIGNIER. This 

 very unusual group of palaeobotanists has contributed 

 more to our knowledge of ancient vegetation than any 

 group of palaeobotanists in the world. 



The more modern fields of botany, as morphology, 

 plant pathology, anatomy, ecology, and plant breeding, 

 have received important contributions from such in- 

 vestigators as VAN TIEGHEM, who first put the study of 

 vascular anatomy upon its modern scientific basis; 

 BONNIER, who was a pioneer in the study of the effect 

 of environment on plants, especially the changes induced 

 in the same plant by alpine and lowland habitats; Gui- 

 GNARD, who was a pioneer in the field of modern morphol- 

 ogy, especially contributing to our knowledge of the 

 reproduction and embryology of the higher plants, and 

 discovering the phenomenon of double fertilization; 

 and in addition BAILLON, DANGEARD, SAUVAGEAU, 

 COSTANTIN, and PRILLEUX. 



Instruction at Paris. The different institutions com- 

 ing under the general title of the University of Paris 

 offer unusual and varied opportunities to students of 

 botany, especially the Sorbonne, the ficole superieure de 



