386 HISTORY OF BOTANY. 



comparing his earlier with his later system, he began by being a 

 fructicist, and ended by being a corollist.* 6 



As we have said, a number of systems of arrangement of plants 

 were published about this time, some founded on the fruit, some on 

 the corolla, some on the calyx, and these employed in various ways. 

 Rivinus 4 * (whose real name was Bachman,) classified by the flower 

 alone ; instead of combining it with the fruit, as Ray had done. 47 He 

 had the further merit of being the first who rejected the old division, 

 of woody and herbaceous plants ; a division which, though at variance 

 with any system founded upon the structure of the plant, was em- 

 ployed even by Tournefort, and only finally expelled by Linnaeus. 



It would throw little light upon the history of botany, especially 

 for our purpose, to dwell on the peculiarities of these transitory sys- 

 tems. Linnaeus, 48 ' after his manner, has given a classification of them. 

 Rivinus, as we have just seen, was a corollist, according to the regu- 

 larity and number of the petals ; Hermann was & fructicist. Christo- 

 pher Knaut 49 adopted the system of Ray, but inverted the order of its 

 parts ; Christian Knaut did nearly the same with regard to that of 

 Rivinus, taking number before regularity in the flower. 60 



Of the systems which prevailed previous to that of Linnaeus, Tour- 

 nefort's was by far the most generally accepted. Joseph Pitton de 

 Tournefort was of a noble family in Provence, and was appointed 

 professor at the Jardin du Roi in 1683. His well-known travels in 

 the Levant are interesting on other subjects, as well as botany. His 

 Institutio Rei Herbaria, published in 1700, contains his method, 

 which is that of a corollist. He is guided by the regularity or irregu- 

 larity of the flowers, by their form, and by the situation of the recep- 

 tacle of the seeds below the calyx, or within it. Thus his classes are 

 those in which the flowers are campaniform, or bell-shaped ; those 

 in which they are infundibuliform, or funnel-shaped, as Tobacco ; then 

 the irregular flowers, as the Personates, which resemble an ancient 

 mask ; the Labiates, with their two lips ; the Cruciform ; the Rosacece, 

 with flowers like a rose ; the Umbelliferce ; the Caryophyllece, as the 



45 Ray was a most industrious herbalizer, and I cannot understand on what 

 ground Mirbel asserts (Physlol. Veg., torn. ii. p. 531,) that he was better ac- 

 quainted with books than with plants. 



46 Cuv. Lecons, 491. 



<T ffistoria Generalis adrem Herbariam, 1690. 

 s Philos. Bot. p. 21. t9 ' Enumcratio Plantarum, &c., 1687. M Linn. 



