POWER OF RECOGNITION AMONG ANTS. 2 29 



complete as if its inmates had been of one species. Representa- 

 tives of three subfamilies, Formica subscricca, Stenammafulvum, 

 and Stigmatomma pallipcs lived amicably together five months 

 before the last Ponerine ant died, leaving the Camponotine and 

 the Myrmicine ants to continue together a full year. Formica 

 laswdcs, Lasins latipes, Stenamma fidvitm, My r mica rubra and 

 Cremastogaster lineolata affiliated through several weeks. All 

 these and other mixed colonies continued until they were disinte- 

 grated by me, and friendly treatment was accorded in them to all 

 introduced ants bearing a familiar and therefore an approved odor, 

 while hostile attack was made on every ant bearing an unfamiliar 

 and therefore a disapproved odor. An enlarged acquaintance 

 with ant-odors did not render any ant tolerant of unknown ant- 

 odors, and in no established mixed colony was an ant of any 

 other than the already represented colonies permitted to live, 

 even when the introduced ant was of the same variety. 



I have at the present time a mixed colony of Camponotus pic- 

 tus^ Formica subsericea, Formica lasiodes, and Stenamma fulvum, 

 and although there are no young of any species in their nest, 

 they have killed every one of several newly-hatched Cremasto- 

 gasters that I have introduced, and they allow none of the latter 

 species to live when hatched in their nest from introduced pupae. 



3. Ants inherit odor from the queen from whose eggs they 

 are developed. That the queen endows her eggs with an odor, 

 and that newly-hatched queens and workers have an odor recog- 

 nized by their queen-mother, is proven by the fact that an ant 

 may be isolated from the pupa-stage until it is some days old, 

 never having smelled any ant-odor beside that of its own body, 

 and it will instantly snuggle its queen-mother at first meeting, 

 although it may attack other queens, or sister-workers much 

 older than itself. I have known a young worker to identify its 

 mother among five queens of its species presented for its exami- 

 nation. The queen doubtless recognizes her own odor in the 

 callow that she has never before met. 



As I have to present the results of several experiments in 

 which the N colony appears, it will be well to here give some 



I 1 am indebted to Dr. William Morton Wheeler for kind identification of Cam- 

 ponotus herculeanus fictus, and of Formica pallide-fulva. A single ant of the last- 

 named species lived for a year in one of my artificial nests with many Formica sub- 



sen cea. 



