THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING 19 



object of verifying Galen's views. The professor read 

 out the text of Galen, and the students looked on the 

 dissections as merely a method of making it rather easier 

 to remember what Galen had said. The dissection, in 

 fact, was supposed to illustrate Galen, rather than 

 Galen to explain the dissection. It was nearly the 

 middle of the sixteenth century before there was any 

 real and open discussion of Galen's views in the 

 Universities. 



But there were also other influences at work. Along 

 with this Revival of Learning and Revival of Science 

 there was also a Revival of Art. Every one has heard of 

 the names of some of the great artists of the Renaissance 

 Michelangelo and Raphael for instance. These 

 artists, and many like them, began to study the human 

 form very closely. They soon found that to represent 

 it accurately some knowledge of anatomy, and especially 

 of the bones and muscles, was needed. The artists, 

 therefore, also began to dissect. 



Now among these great artists were some who took 

 more than a purely artistic interest in the structure and 

 functions of the parts of the body. The best known of 

 these, and the most interesting for our purposes, was 

 Leonardo da Vinci, who lived from 1452 to 1518. Like 

 most of the great artists and scientists of the period he 

 lived in northern Italy. His work was done chiefly at 

 Florence and Milan. Leonardo was an artist, but he was 

 also a great deal more. He was a man of enormously 

 powerful and inquiring mind, and his achievements in 

 Science are at least as remarkable as his eminence in Art. 

 He had determined to write a text-book of anatomy and 

 physiology. Though he did not live to publish it, some 

 of his beautifully illustrated notebooks on these subjects 

 have survived. They enable us to form an idea of what 

 a magnificent work it would have been. We shall here 



