SALIVA, BILE AND SUCCUS ENTEMCUS. 149 



the mucous membrane of the duodenum Keflex closure of the pylorus by 

 acids, its significance and importance The pathology of the stomach as 

 studied by our experimental methods The protection of the mucous 

 membrane of the stomach Physiological function of the epithelium of the 

 gastric mucous membrane Experimental production of gastric asthenia 

 and of a condition the reverse of this The point of attack of the round 

 ulcer of the stomach Substitution of the small stomach for the large in 

 our physiological and pathological experiments Nervous inhibition in 

 aii'ections of the stomach Experimental therapeutics of the stomach 

 based on our investigations Survival of vagotomised dogs Treatment 

 of gastric hyper-secretion by alkalies. 



GENTLEMEN, Since the delivery of the preceding lectures, now five 

 years ago, our investigations into the physiology of digestion have been 

 carried on without interruption, and our later results have even a 

 closer connection with the practice of medicine than the former. At 

 that time I could only theoretically discuss the pathology and thera- 

 peutics of digestion, but now these subjects have been made matters 

 of direct research. The result? of the several investigations have in 

 nearly all cases been communicated to this society ; consequently, the 

 facts concerning which I am about to speak will be already known to 

 many of you. However, I think it desirable to bring them all 

 under consideration. It is only in this way that the general bearing 

 of the investigations can be made clear, and that each single piece 

 of work will find its proper place in the whole scheme. 



It may well be understood that even at this stage, purety physiological 

 questions have taken the first place in our researches, but our field has 

 naturally grown ever wider and wider. My former lectures dealt 

 mainly with the more important of the digestive organs, the gastric 

 glands, and the pancreas. During the last five years we have worked 

 still further at the physiology of these glands, but in addition we have 

 included that of the remaining digestive secretions, namely, the saliva, 

 the bile and the snccus entericus. Further, we have also made obser- 

 vations on the movements of the food along the digestive canal. 



In the case of the gastric glands and the pancreas we were able to 

 disregard the question of the main physiological import of their secre- 

 tions, since this was already fully known. We were therefore free to 

 direct our whole attention to an investigation of the factors which 

 determined the normal activity of these glands. But in the case of the 

 latter fluids, it was necessary to establish at the outset their functional 

 importance. 



With regard to the glands of the stomach and also the pancreas 

 the investigations of the past five years have confirmed our fundamental 

 deductions while they have also added a greater completeness to them. 

 The beautiful adaptation to the requirements of the food undergoing 



