MINIATURE STOMACH A MIRROR OF THE LARGE. 109 



But these results do not constitute the only reasons which convince 

 us of the reliability of our method. A complete parallelism between 

 the work of the large and that of the small stomach, has been proved by 

 direct observation, and at the same time evidence was obtained show- 

 ing that the above deductions are fully justified. We have here only 

 to recall the facts bearing upon the matter and to arrange them in 

 order. In the fifth lecture we described a sham feeding experiment on 

 a dog with an isolated small stomach, and divided oesophagus, in which 

 the figures were given. As you may remember, the juices from both 

 stomachs were in every way the same. The absence of the sham 

 feeding effect in dogs with Heidenhain's isolated stomach is in per- 

 fect harmony with the fact that in animals with intact stomach but 

 having the vagi divided in the neck, the sham feeding is also ineffective. 

 The above similarity in the working of the two stomachs is also to be 

 seen when those excitants which act immediately upon the mucous 

 membrane are employed. Water produces a secretion both in the large 

 and in the small orgar. The same applies to Liebig's Extract, the 

 solutions of which act more strongly on both stomachs than water. 

 Egg-albumen and starch, whether in fluid or solid form, are ineffective 

 on both cavities. Fat produces a secretion in neither, indeed manifests 

 rather an inhibitory influence. In short, we know of no single instance 

 where the secretory process takes a different course in the two stomachs. 

 I think it is also essential to mention here that many of the facts, which 

 were obtained on the dog with isolated stomach, have severally been 

 repeated and confirmed on a number of cesophagotomised dogs with 

 ordinary gastric fistula?. Recently also, with a second dog, having a 

 gastric cul-de-sac made according to our own method, the most impor- 

 tant of the facts observed on the first animal, were reproduced in a 

 veritably stereotyped manner. 



It is not difficult to see that our second question concerning the 

 seat of action of the exciting substances is also answered at the same time 

 as the first. When it is shown, for instance, that the whole work of secre- 

 tion is of nervous and, with the possible exception of the psychic effect, 

 of reflex origin, it is simultaneously proved that the exciting substances 

 act on the peripheral end-apparatus of the centripetal nerves, and, in 

 consequence, upon the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal. 

 This happens, however, only in definite situations. As we have seen, 

 there is no reflex effect on the gastric glands from the rectum ; on the 

 other hand, recent experiments of my own, which are not yet pub- 

 lished, show that such an effect arises both from the small intestine as 

 well as from the stomach. In a dog which had an ordinary gastric 

 fistula and also a duodenal one (provided with a metallic cannula), the 

 stomach and intestine were separated from each other near the pylorus 



