DISTRIBUTION OF MEMORY 227 



mann (8) as far as ants, and by von Buttel-Reepen 

 (9) as far as bees, are concerned. I think that bees 

 and ants possess associative memory. In their re- 

 actions, however, reflex or instinctive elements and 

 memory elements are mixed together. The task re- 

 mains 10 discover how much of a role associative 

 memory plays in the various habits of bees, ants, and 

 wasps. 



6. The possibility of associative memory must be 

 conceded in the case of spiders, certain Crustacea, and 

 Cephalopods, but it is in all probability wanting- in 

 Coelenterates and in worms. We saw that Act- 

 inians refuse water-soaked paper wads and take 

 meat, though our organs of taste cannot distinguish 

 betv/een the two. Some authors would have called 

 this an expression of intelligence because the Actinian 

 can "discriminate" and "make a selection." Accord- 

 ing to this, consciousness and intelligence should be 

 attributed to the chemical elements, for they unite 

 only with certain other elements. The term " power 

 of discrimination " is often merely an ill-chosen ex- 

 pression for the fact that different causes have differ- 

 ent effects. This difference of the effects may in some 

 cases depend on associative memory, but in order to 

 find out these cases we must first prove that the 

 forms under consideration have associative memory. 

 In Actinians, however, all attempts to prove the exist- 

 ence of associative memory have been fruitless. This 

 is shown in the experiments on Cerianthus mentioned 

 above, in which I succeeded in producing, below the 



