144 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN 



further, that the reflexes of wiping and warding off 

 objects from the body of the frog are of a purely 

 segmental character. 



We have now given a review of the principal reac- 

 tions of the frog and have found that no localisation 

 of functions exists either in the brain or the spinal 

 cord, that these are only segmental reflexes, just as in 

 the Annelids and Arthropods. This conception was 

 natural after results obtained from experiments on 

 lower animals. That Schrader had foreseen it before 

 the experiments reported here were known is proved 

 by the closing sentence of his article on the frog's 

 brain : " The series of experiments we have given 

 teaches us that the central nervous system of the frog 

 can be divided into a series of sections, each of which 

 is capable of performing an independent function. It 

 brings the central nervous system of the frog into 

 closer relation with the central nervous system of the 

 lower forms, which consists of a series of distinct gan- 

 glia that are connected by commissures. It speaks 

 against the absolute monarchy of a single central ap- 

 paratus and against the existence of different kinds of 

 centres, and invites us to seek for the centralisation in 

 a many-sided coupling of relatively independent sta- 

 tions." The question might be raised as to whether 

 the activities of the frog which we have considered 

 include all the reactions of this animal. The more 

 complicated instincts are for the most part nothing 

 more than series of segmental reflexes. I am inclined 

 to recommend using the word chain-reflexes, whereby 



