ANATOMICAL AND PSYCHIC LOCALISATION 265 



our present knowledge of anatomical localisation we 

 cannot yet account. 



4. Those who believe in a psychic localisation in 

 the cerebral hemispheres base their claims chiefly on 

 the effects of small lesions. If our point of view is 

 correct, we should expect that small lesions either 

 make no noticeable functional disturbance at all, or 

 cause disturbances which are no more psychic than 

 those following the cutting of a peripheral nerve. 

 Hitzig and Fritsch were the first to destroy the cortex 

 of the centre of the fore-leg (D, Fig. 39) in one of 

 the hemispheres of a dog (i). When this centre was 

 destroyed in the left hemisphere, the right leg showed 

 the following disturbance : " In running, the animals 

 did not use the right fore-paw to advantage. It was 

 turned in or out too much and did not furnish a proper 

 support. This never happened with the other paws. 

 Movement did not fail entirely, but in the right leg the 

 movement of adduction was somewhat weaker. In 

 standing, the dorsal side of the paw was often used in- 

 stead of the sole " (i). If the paw was placed in abnor- 

 mal positions, no attention was paid to it by the dog. 

 Hitzig and Fritsch draw the following conclusions from 

 these observations : " The animals evidently had only 

 an imperfect conscioiisness of the condition of this limb ; 

 they had lost the ability to form perfect ideas concern- 

 ing it" In the opinion of Hitzig we have to deal 

 with a psychical disturbance, or, as we should say, a 

 disturbance of associative memory. This disturbance 

 of associative memory is, however, confined to such 



