CAKOTIXOIDS IN THE PHANEROGAMS 75 



Maslevallia ]'.i/cliidii. Bid^ood. Purple crll sap mid carol moid climnmph-t ids. 

 Narcissus Tazetta (Polyanthus Narcissua), Bidgood. Chiefly yellow anthocyanin 



with some carotin '(?). 

 l)<!lnti<jlo**uni* (Orchids). Oncidiums (Orchids), Tropoeolums (Nasturtiums). 



Bidgood. Many varieties of these have crimson anthocyanin in epidermal 



cells and yellow carotmoids alonj: inner walls of same cells. 

 Wallflowers, Bid.uood. Some have crimson sap and carotinoids in plastids. 

 Yellow tulips, Bidpood. Blue anthocyanin in epidermal cells, overlying yellow 



chromophu-Uds. in staminal filaments, giving green effects. 



Carotinoids in Fruits 



A large number of yellow, orange and red colored fruits have been 

 examined by various investigators for the nature of the pigment. The 

 coloring principles found in most cases can be classified with the caroti- 

 noids. For the majority of the fruits, however, we have the obser- 

 vation of only one investigator and this in many cases has been very 

 inadequate for the purpose of properly classifying the kind of caroti- 

 noid present. Even for many of the fruits that have been studied by 

 more than one investigator we only know, as yet, that carotinoids are 

 the cause of the pigmentation. There is great need for an application 

 of the Tswett system of analysis to the pigments of these fruits. Only 

 in one case, namely, the tomato, has a thorough study of the pigment 

 been made. This work will be referred to in detail presently. 



The fruits for which only .a single observation has been made will 

 be reviewed first, briefly, considering the cases chronologically. The 

 various fruits for which more than one observation is available will 

 be considered separately. 



Thudichum (1869) classified the pigment of the fruit of Crataegus 

 crus-galli (Cockspur thorn) and Cyphomandra betacea (Tree tomato) 

 as luteins. It seems reasonable to suspect that carotinoids are in- 

 volved, but nothing further is known regarding their character. 



Gregor Kraus (1872) observed orange-red, round or spindle forms 

 in the fruit flesh of Solamim pseudo-capsicum (Jerusalem Cherry), 

 but the pigment involved, which is obviously a carotinoid, is not 

 known further. 



Schimper (1885) observed amorphous red and orange-yellow pig- 

 ment forms in the fruit of Bryonia dioica (Bryony) and red amor- 

 phous pigment in the fruit of Loniceria tataria (Honeysuckle), but 

 these pigments, apparently carotinoid in nature, have not been ex- 

 amined in detail. 



Courchet (1888) not only examined the character of the pigment 

 in the plastids of several fruits but extracted the pigment and rccrys- 



