CAROTINOIDS IN THE PHANEROGAMS 79 



pigment of the fruits of the gourd family, including pumpkins and the 

 various yellow fleshed squash varieties. Whether other cnrotinoids 

 are also present has not been determine- 1. 



Gill (1918) has recently stated that carotin is found in yellow 

 M|iia>h, the statement being based on the use of the Crampton- 

 Sinum^ palm oil test which this author has found to be due to carotin 

 (probably cnrotinoids in general). 



Mouwrdim bnl.^iniina I Balsam Apple). G. and F. Tobler (1910) 

 first studied the pigment of this fruit and believed that two pigments 

 were present ; a yellow one soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene and fatty 

 oils, the ether solution showing the absorption bands, 478-465(.ij.i and 

 435-415u}i ; a ruby red pigment, extractable by cold alcohol, but not by 

 benzene, but soluble in both of these solvents as well as in ether, 

 chloroform and fatty oils, which failed to show the lipochrome reac- 

 tions with HoS0 4 and I 2 -KI, but which showed the following four- 

 banded spectrum in benzene. 



I. 513-496uu ; II. 487-446uu; III. 455-443uu ; IV. 437-425u|t. 



The yellow pigment was found chiefly in the exo- and mesocarp. 

 Its solubilities and spectra indicate that it is a xanthophyll. The red 

 pigment was found chiefly in the endocarp. Its absorption spectrum 

 in alcohol resembles closely that of lycopin but the other properties 

 are at variance. Duggar (1913) also examined the balsam apple pig- 

 ment and found the carpellary tissues to be yellow to orange as did 

 the Toblers, and the aril to have a bright red color. Duggar regards 

 the latter pigment to be lycopin, on spectroscopic grounds, but the 

 failure of the pigment to show other characteristic carotinoid prop- 

 erties, as found by the Toblers, remains to be explained. 



Physalis alkckenzi (Strawberry Tomato, Winter or Bladder 

 Cherry). Thudichum (1869) classified the pigment of this fruit as a 

 lutcin, and Tammes (1900) obtained positive carotinoid color reac- 

 tions with the plastid pigment. Monteverde and Lubimenko (1913b) 

 regard the pigment as carotin, but differing from it by the compara- 

 tive intensity of the absorption bands. They call it carotin B. 



Arum italicum (Wild Ginger). Schimper (1885) observed red 

 amorphous pigment in the plastids of the berries of this plant. 

 Courchet (1888) also observed the brick-red plastids, and obtained 

 red-orange lamella and carmine-red rhomboids from the yellow-orange 

 ether extract. Kohl (1902) secured microchcmical carotinoid crystals 

 using the Molisch method. Carotin seems to be one of the pigments 



