CAROTINOIDS IN THE CRYPTOGAMS 95 



xanthin, and is of considerable importance for the qualitative detec- 

 tion of this pigment. 



Sorby (1873) proposed the name fucoxanthin for the chief coloring 

 matter of the brown algae. He differentiated the pigment from the 

 xanthophyll of the higher plants by reason of the position of its spec- 

 troscopic absorption bands, by its greater resistance to the bleaching 

 action of light, and by the blue color obtained when HC1 is added to 

 the alcoholic solution of the pigment, all of which characteristic prop- 

 erties have since been confirmed for the pure pigment. Sorby also iso- 

 lated "orange xanthophyll" (carotin) from brown algae, and was thus 

 the first to show the presence of the better known carotinoids in these 

 plants. 



Reinke (1876) proposed the name phaophyll for the special yellow 

 pigment of Phceophycece. 



Hansen (1884d) regarded the yellow pigment of brown algae as 

 identical with the "yellow chlorophyll" of higher plants. 



Tammes (1900) demonstrated the presence of carotinoids in a num- 

 ber of species of Phceophycece, using the Molisch alkali microchemi- 

 cal crystallization method. It is now known that he was mistaken 

 in attributing the result to carotin only. 



Gaidukov (1903), however, denied that either carotin or a special 

 pigment, phycoxanthin (using Millardet's terminology), characterizes 

 the brown sea-weeds, claiming to have found in addition to chlorophyll 

 only the xanthophylls which characterize the higher plants. 



TABLE 8. PHAEOPHYCEAE FOUND TO CONTAIN CAROTINOIDS 



Order C ' yclospomlcs (highest forms). 



Fucoidiae Rosanoff. 1867; Czapek, 1911. 



Fucus serratus Millardet, 1869; Sorby, 1873; Reinke, 1876; Tammes, 



1900; Gaidukov, 1903; Molisch, 1905; Tswett, 1905, 1906; Kylin, 



1912; Waistatter and Page, 1914; van Wissclingh, 1915. 

 Fucits vesculosus Millardet, 1869; Hansen, 1884; Tammes, 1900; 



Tswett, 1906; Kylin, 1912; van Wisselingh, 1915. 

 Fucus nodosus Millardet, 1869. 

 Fucus versoides Molisch, 1905. 

 Ascophyllum nodosum^ Tammes, 1900; Kylin, 1912; van Wisselingh, 



1915. 



Phylloxpora Brodiaci, P. mcmbrani folia Kylin, 1912. 

 Cystoseira abrotani folia Molisch, 1905. 

 Halidrys siloquoxa Millardet, 1869; Reinke, 1876; Molisch 1905" 



Kylin, 1912. 

 Order Phceoxporales. 



Ectocarpaccac Askenasy, 1869. 



Pylaiclla litoralis Kylin, 1912. 



Desmarestia aculeata Reinke, 1876. 



Elachista species Millardet, 1869; Molisch, 1905. 



