116 CAROTINOIDS AND RELATED PIGMENTS 



stage, or teleutospores, is usually black, but in the case of one of the 

 species mentioned in Table 12, namely, Uredo euphrasix Schum., this 

 stage is red. Other stages in the life cycle of the rusts appear to con- 

 tain carotinoids also, since Kohl (1902) reports a positive Molisch 

 test on promycclia, sporidia and a?cidia of the fungi, the consecutive 

 stages in the germination of the teleutospores to the uredospore stage. 

 The Ascomycetes. These fungi, which are commonly known as the 

 cup or sac fungi because of their shape, are frequently brilliantly 

 colored with yellow, orange or reddish pigments. The coloring mat- 

 ter responsible for these tints has naturally attracted the attention 

 of a few of the pigment workers, notably Zopf, to whom we owe much 

 of our knowledge regarding the fungi pigments. The species of 

 Ascomycetes whose pigmentation may with some assurance be re- 

 garded as due largely to carotinoids are mentioned in Table 13. No 

 doubt others could be added to the list. 



TABLE 13. ASCOMYCETES FOUND TO CONTAIN CAROTIXOIDS 



Discomycetes. 



Peziza aurantiaZopi, 1892b. 



Peziza blcolor Bull. Bachmann, 1886. 



Peziza scutcilata L. Bachmann, 1886. 



Leotia lubricaZopi, 1890, 1892b; Kohl, 1902. 



Ascobolus species Ziopf, 1889c, 1892b. 



Spatkularia jlavida Pers. Zopf, 1892b; Kohl, 1902. 

 Pyrenomycetes. 



Poly stigma rubrum Zopf, 1893a. 



Polystigma ochraceum Wahlenberg (= P. jnluum D. C.) Zopf, 1893a. 



S-paeroslH.be coccaphila van Wisselingh, 1915. 



Nectria cinnabarina Bachmann, 1886; Zopf, 1893a; Kohl, 1902; van Wis- 

 selingh, 1915. 



The Peziza genera of the Discomycetes contains several species with 

 especially bright color. Peziza aurantia, which is sometimes called 

 "orange-peel Elf-cup" takes the form of a shallow, irregular shaped 

 cup, one to three inches in diameter, and resembles closely a piece of 

 inverted orange peel. The outside of the fungus is pale orange but 

 the interior is a brilliant orange or orange red. It is frequently found 

 on the flat ground in autumn. Peziza bicolor Bull, forms a yellow to 

 deep orange-red disc on dead branches of oak, hazel and hawthorn 

 trees, and P. scutellata L. a deep carmine colored disc on rotten tree 

 stumps. Sorby (1873) examined the pigment of the first mentioned 

 species but called the pigment peziza xanthin and did not identify it 

 with the "xanthophylls" of the higher plants or the algae. Bachmann 

 (1886) first showed the presence of chromolipoids in the Peziza fungi 

 when he recovered unsaponifiable pigment from them showing the 



