x] FronfH? and Prrfrotifaf Areas 249 



for or against Flechsig's hypothesis that the frontal lobe is a high associative intellectual 

 centre. 



14. Hitzig's argument that the frontal lobes preside over the highest intellectual faculties, 

 because in comparative anatomy the development of the lobes proceeds puri pnsxit with that 

 of the intellect, is one of the must plausible yet advanced. 



15. The feeble structural representation of the " prefrontal " cortex suggests that it is 

 the last portion of the frontal lobe to make its appearance in the course of phylogeny, and, 

 all things considered, the idea is favoured that its physiological importance as a psychic centre 

 is overestimated; the same does not apply to the "frontal" area. 



REFERENCES. 

 FERKIER. LQC. cit. 



A. F. S. GRUNBAUM and 0. S. SHERRINGTON. Observations on the Physiology of the Cerebral Cortex 

 of the Anthropoid Apes. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. LXXI. 



H. MUNK. Loc. cit. 



L. BIAXCHI. The Functions of the Frontal Lobes. Brain, Vol. xvm, 1895. 



V. HORSLEY and E. A. SCHAFER. A Record of Experiments upon the Functions of the Cerebral 

 Cortex. Phil. Trans, of the Roi/nl Society, 1887, 1888, and 1890. 



FLECHSIG. Loc. cit. 



TH. KAES. Zur pathologischen Anatomie der Dementia paralytica. Monatschr. f. Psychologic und 

 Xeurologie, 1892. 



HAMMARBERR. Loc. cit. 



J. S. BOLTON. The Functions of the Frontal Lobes. Brain, 1903. 



KARL SCHAFFER. 1. Die Topographie der paralytischen Rindendegeneration und cleren Verhaltniss 

 zu Flechsig's Associationencentren. Neural. Centralb., No. 2, 1902. 2. Ueber Markfasergehalt 

 eines iiormalen und eines paralytischen Gehirns. Neural. Centralb., No. 17, 1903. 



F. NISSL. Die Diagnose der progressiven Paralyse, xxxin. Versammlung der sudwest-deutschen 

 Irrenarzte. Ref. Neural. Centralb., 1902, und Centralb. f. Nervenheilk., 1902. 



BAYERTHAL. Zur Diagnose der Thalamus und Stirnhirntumoren. Neural. Centralb., No. 13, 1903. 

 HITZIG. Loc. cit. 



R. T. WILLIAMSON. Symptomatology of Gross Lesions of the Prefrontal Region of the Brain. Brain, 

 Vol. xix, London, 1896. 



L. WELT. Ueber Charakterveranderungen des Menschen infolge Lasionen des Stirnhirns. Deutsches 

 Zeitschr. f. kl'm. Me,?., Leipzig, 1888. 



M. JASTROWITZ. Beitrage zur Localisation irn Grosshirn und ueber deren praktische Verwertung. 

 Arch. f. Psychiatric, Bd. 2 and 3. 



L. BRUNS. Ueber Stiirungen des Gleichgewichtes bei Stirnhirntumor. Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1892. 



FERRANNINI. On the Physiology of the Orbital Lobe. La Rif. Med., 1903, Nos. 21 and 22. 



Abstract in Sc/i/tix/i Hf,-'-in <</' X<'>* rulmjij inn/ Psychiatry, 1903. 



c. 32 



