260 The Island of Reil [CHAP, xi 



3. The posterior region bears a common temporal type of cortex. There is a distinct 

 line of Baillarger and an obvious stellate layer. The large external pyramidal cells reassume 

 their ordinary form, the internal layer of large pyramidal cells becomes weakly represented, 

 and the chromophilous fusiform elements vanish. In the vicinity of the transverse temporal 

 gyri large fibres are noticed. 



4. In the anthropoid ape the hinder part of the insula likewise bears temporal 

 characters. 



5. It is probable that the insula is " old " in the rank of phylogenesis, and that it 

 plays a more important part in primitive mammals than in man and the higher apes. 



6. Histology does not support the view that the insula is endowed with speech 

 functions. In the cases giving rise to this conception an extension of the destroying lesion, 

 either to the inferior frontal gyrus or to the transverse temporal gyri, is suspected. 



7. Clothed by temporal cortex, the posterior insula is supposed to pertain to the 

 auditory apparatus. 



8. Studies in comparative anatomy show a close topographic relation between the 

 insula and the fissura rhinica, and as the anterior insula contains elements common 

 to the olfactory area, it may have to do with the recognition of smell ; or in accordance 

 with Gorschkow's experiments, its specialised cortex may represent the gustatory centre. 



REFERENCES. 



BRODMANN. Zur histologischen Localisation cler Hirnrinde (die Insel). Neurol^ Centralb., No. 23, 1903. 

 P. FLECHSIG. Neue Unterauchungen, etc. Neural. Cenlralb., No. 21, p. 983, 1898. 

 EBERSTALLER. Zur Anatomie und Morphologic cler Insula Reilii. Anatomischer Anzeiger, No. 24-, 1887. 

 D. J. CUNNINGHAM. Loc. cit. 



TH. KAES. Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Reichthums der Grosshirnrinde, etc. Arch. f. Psych, u. 

 Nervenkr., Bd. xxv, Heft 3. 



A. E. SPITZKA. A Preliminary Communication of a Study of the Brains of two distinguished 

 Physicians, father and son. Philadelphia, Medical Journal, April, 1901. 



PASCAL. Du role de 1'insula de Reil dans 1'aphasie. Bordeaux, 1890. 



W. OTUSZEWSKI. Von der Bedeutung der Associationencentreii von Flechsig zur Erforschung der 



Entwickelung des Geistes, der Sprache, der Psychologic der Sprache, wie auch der Lehre von 



der Sprachlosigkeit. y enrol. Centralb., No. 5, 1898. 

 C. VON MONAKOW. Gehirnpathologie. Wien, Holder, p. 571, 1897. 

 P. SAMT. Zur Pathologic der Rinde. Arch. f. Psych., Bd. v. 

 M. HOLL. Ueber die Insel des Carnivorengehirns. Arch. f. Anat. u. Pliys., 1899, Anat. Abth., 



Heft 3 and 4. 



S. RAMON Y CAJAL. Studien iiber die Hirnrinde des Menschen. Die Hbrrinde. Leipzig, Earth, 1896. 

 HAMMARBERG. Loc. cit. 



A. S. F. GRUNBAUM and C. S. SHERRINGTON. Loc. cit. 



TH. MEYNERT. Der Bau der Grosshirnrinde, etc. Vierteljahrsch. f. Psych., etc., p. 57, 1872. 

 GORSCHKOW. Ueber Geschmacks- und Geruchscentreti in der Hirnrinde. Dissert. St Petersburg, 1901. 



Ref. Neural. Centralb., p. 1092, 1901. 



