ADOPTION OF QUEENS BY ALIEN SPECIES. 285 



Her behavior was about the same in most cases ; she was timid and 

 either ran away or crouched down in a supplicatory posture. 

 Some of the queens, however, showed no fear whatever at first 

 and approached the fulva workers as though they were members 

 of the same colony. Constant biting and pulling about by the 

 legs and antennae, however, soon caused them to try to escape 

 from their tormentors. In nearly every instance the behavior 

 of the introduced queen was v conciliatory and in no case did she 

 at first seem to resent her harsh treatment but seemed to try 

 either to conciliate the fulva workers or to escape from them. One 

 queen, however, as will be shown in the following experiments, 

 departed widely from what is apparently the normal behavior 

 under such conditions by seizing a worker and carrying it about 

 when the others attacked her. At first this behavior seemed to 

 render her almost immune from further attacks and I began to 

 think that perhaps only such queens as showed this particular 

 phase of behavior succeeded in getting themselves adopted. 

 Later on, however, the attacks were renewed and the queen was 

 finally killed. I will give one experiment in detail as a type, 

 and summarize the others. 



EXPERIMENT B. 18. 



Aug. 9 9.00 A.M. I place an artificially dealated queen of Aphcenogaster ten- 

 nesseensis in the light chamber of a Fielde nest containing about two dozen 

 workers and a small pile of larvae and cocoons of A. fulva aquia. She goes 

 at once into the dark chamber. The first few workers that she meets 

 recognize her at once as a stranger, but do not attack her. Several threaten 

 her and then pass on. After about five minutes one worker grabs her by 

 the petiole and carries her about in the nest. She does not seem afraid and 

 does not try to get away; her manner is conciliatory. 



9.10 A.M. She goes out into the light chamber but soon returns. 



9.20 A.M. One worker is tugging at her antennae. 



9.25 A.M. The same worker is still holding her. 



9.27 A.M. She gets free from the worker and runs around in the dark chamber. 

 Many of the ants she meets do not attempt to attack her. 



9.30 A.M. Another worker catches her by an antenna and holds her for a while. 



9.44 A.M. Two workers lick her for about two minutes and then go away. 



9.47 A.M. A worker seizes her -by one of her tarsi and pulls her about for awhile. 



9.48 A.M. Three workers are licking her. She is resting on the sponge about 

 one half an inch from the brood. A number of workers keep passing by her; 

 some of them stop and lick her a while, some feel her over with their antennae, 

 open their mandibles as though to attack her and then go away without doing 

 so. Sometimes she pats the heads of the workers with her antennae as 

 though begging food. 



