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M. ETHEL COCHRAN. 



aware of their presence. This idea was strengthened by finding 

 one of the two in an ant's nest, a thing not found before. Of 

 several specimens kept in the laboratory, in vivaria, a few would 

 venture out of their retreats on dark days. 



Rarely, if ever, are the salamanders found in treeless places, 

 but they seem to have equal preference for pine, birch or mixed 

 woods. All slopes, if shaded and of not too sandy a nature, 

 seem to provide suitable dwellings. 



The natural crevices beneath stones are utilized by the red-backs. (Photo- 

 graphed by Miss Gulick.) 



It seems that no holes are made by the salamanders themselves, 

 but that they utilize whatever is at hand. Allen noted holes, 

 but was not sure whether the salamanders made them or not. 

 In a pile of stones or in a sawdust heap, there are many natural 

 openings connecting in labrinthian fashion which are typical. 

 In the vivaria kept in the laboratory, the pieces of moss were 

 placed above a layer of sand and charcoal ; a small dish of water 

 was sunk to the level of the moss and the spaces between the 

 pieces of moss, between the moss and sand, and between the 

 "well" and sand were utilized by the red-backs as homes and 

 highways. 



In one instance, where two specimens were found in rather 

 soft earth, a well-defined hole was followed it led by a short 



