26 VICTOR E. SHELFORD. 



zone of Walnut Lake. This is characterized by plants that do 

 not reach the surface. They are Chura, hormvort, bladderwort, 

 \vater millfoil, water weed, slender Xains, pond weeds, etc. 

 (Davis in Hankinson, '08). These same plants grow also in the 

 bays and coves in company with the water lily and othrr muT^nm 

 plants. 



Ponds i and 5r are dominated by submerged plants. Here the 

 perch, bass and sunfish mentioned above are associated, with the 

 same species and the same growth form types as in Walnut Lakr. 

 The bullheads are found common in the ponds in which the 

 submerged and emerging vegetation are mixed, and which contain 

 the greatest number of species of the pond weed zone of Walnut 

 Lake. It seems impossible to draw any conclusion here as to the 

 relation of these species to either species or growth form in plants. 

 The whole subject is one for investigation. A comparison of 

 Tables II., p. 4, and XXI., p. 17, shows that black bass, the sun - 

 fishes and pumpkinseed are found only where a considerable 

 area of their preferred bottom is present. 



Mud and muck are evidently not distinguished in the tables 

 of Forbes and Richardson ('08) and it is not possible to make 

 much use of their data here for this reason. We have noted in the 

 preceding paper thai the rliubsucker prefers coarse bottom 

 materials. It muck is included with mud (Forbes and Richard- 

 son, '08) with the exception of the warmouth and chubsucker. 

 all are well placed. The chubsucker, the mudminnow, ;md the 

 golden shiner, tadpole cats and the bullheads avoid strong li.uht, 

 and their association with dense vegetation which result >, brings 

 them into relations with bottoms of fine material, e. g., muck, because 

 they support dense vegetation (Pond, '05). 



(b) Breeding Activities. We give below all that has been found 

 regarding the location of nest and eggs. 



Micropterus salmoides: Sterile bottom of clay, sand or gravel, 

 fibrous roots of the parrot feather preferred to others (Titcomb, 

 07, p. 10 of separate, fide Slranahan); (b) blackened roots o|' 

 waterfoil i to 2^/2 feet of water, bulrush shoals in 12 to 15 inches of 

 water, among conspicuous growth of bulrushes, eggs on rom^ 

 (Hankiiison, '07, p. 214); (c) leaves of trees, gravel; u.-rd \\ln-n 

 artificial fibrous nest was present (Reighard, '05, p. 4*1; ah sa 



